How can we develop an effective subunit vaccine to achieve successful malaria eradication?

Pirahmadi, Sakineh; Afzali, Shima; Zargar, Mostafa; Zakeri, Sedigheh; Mehrizi, Akram Abouie

doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105203

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 208 publications

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“…As previously mentioned, the Mosquirix vaccine has shown significant success in reducing severe malaria cases and lowering child mortality, and currently, more than one million children living in areas with moderate-to-high malaria transmission have received the vaccine, marking its widespread use [ 1 ]. However, Mosquirix has encountered certain limitations, including lower efficacy in specific age groups besides children, lack of durable immune responses and the necessity of three to four booster doses to achieve reasonable efficacy [ 29 , 43 ]. Consequently, the search for a more robust and effective malaria vaccine is still ongoing.…”

Section: Nucleic Acids In Malaria Vaccine Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria Vaccines: From the Past towards the mRNA Vaccine Era

Tsoumani,

Voyiatzaki,

Efstathiou

2023

Vaccines

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Plasmodium spp. is the etiological agent of malaria, a life-threatening parasitic disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes. Malaria remains a major global health challenge, particularly in endemic regions. Over the years, various vaccine candidates targeting different stages of Plasmodium parasite life-cycle have been explored, including subunit vaccines, vectored vaccines, and whole organism vaccines with Mosquirix, a vaccine based on a recombinant protein, as the only currently approved vaccine for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Despite the aforementioned notable progress, challenges such as antigenic diversity, limited efficacy, resistant parasites escaping protective immunity and the need for multiple doses have hindered the development of a highly efficacious malaria vaccine. The recent success of mRNA-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 has sparked renewed interest in mRNA vaccine platforms. The unique mRNA vaccine features, including their potential for rapid development, scalability, and flexibility in antigen design, make them a promising avenue for malaria vaccine development. This review provides an overview of the malaria vaccines’ evolution from the past towards the mRNA vaccine era and highlights their advantages in overcoming the limitations of previous malaria vaccine candidates.

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Section: Nucleic Acids In Malaria Vaccine Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria Vaccines: From the Past towards the mRNA Vaccine Era

Tsoumani,

Voyiatzaki,

Efstathiou

2023

Vaccines

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“…With such a large and repetitive genome and probable variability in transcriptome kinetics (influenced by life stage and environmental factors), it can be hypothesized that multi-stage/multi-component cocktail vaccines (i.e., including more than one antigen) could enhance the level of protection afforded against infestation (Pereira et al 2022 ). This appears to be a trend for vaccines against other complex parasites/pathogens, in example vaccines against: helminths (Maizels 2021 ), endoparasites such as malaria (Pirahmadi et al 2021 ), Theileria (Atchou et al 2020 ; Saaid et al 2020 ), Babesia (Rathinasamy et al 2019 ) and intracellular bacteria (Osterloh 2022 ), as well as ticks (Pereira et al 2022 ; Costa et al 2021 ). However, some cocktail vaccines tested against R. microplus did not live up to expectations (Pereira et al 2022 ), and this is likely due to: antigen type (i.e., full-length, peptide, chimera, etc.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mining gene expression data for rational identification of novel drug targets and vaccine candidates against the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus

Maritz-Olivier,

Ferreira,

Olivier

et al. 2023

Exp Appl Acarol

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Control of complex parasites via vaccination remains challenging, with the current combination of vaccines and small drugs remaining the choice for an integrated control strategy. Studies conducted to date, are providing evidence that multicomponent vaccines will be needed for the development of protective vaccines against endo- and ectoparasites, though multicomponent vaccines require an in-depth understanding of parasite biology which remains insufficient for ticks. With the rapid development and spread of acaricide resistance in ticks, new targets for acaricide development also remains to be identified, along with novel targets that can be exploited for the design of lead compounds. In this study, we analysed the differential gene expression of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks that were fed on cattle vaccinated with a multi-component vaccine (Bm86 and 3 putative Bm86-binding proteins). The data was scrutinised for the identification of vaccine targets, small drug targets and novel pathways that can be evaluated in future studies. Limitations associated with targeting novel proteins for vaccine and/or drug design is also discussed and placed into the context of challenges arising when targeting large protein families and intracellular localised proteins. Lastly, this study provide insight into how Bm86-based vaccines may reduce successful uptake and digestion of the bloodmeal and overall tick fecundity.

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“…[ 3,4 ] Despite great efforts having been made to eradicate malaria, this disease remains a significant global health problem. [ 5,6 ] It was estimated that 241 million malaria cases happened in 2020 compared with 227 million in 2019 and malaria deaths increased by 12% to an estimated 627,000. [ 7 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The antimalarial activity of 1,2,4‐trioxolane/trioxane hybrids and dimers: A review

Fang

Song

Wang

2022

Archiv der Pharmazie

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Malaria, a mosquito‐borne parasitic infection caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium, is a dangerous disease that contributes to millions of hospital visits and hundreds and thousands of deaths across the world, especially in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Antimalarial agents are vital for treating malaria and controlling transmission, and 1,2,4‐trioxolane/trioxane‐containing agents, especially artemisinin and its derivatives, own antimalarial efficacy and low toxicity with unique mechanisms of action. Moreover, artemisinin‐based combination therapies were recommended by the World Health Organization as the first‐line treatment for uncomplicated malaria infection and have remained as the mainstay of the treatment of malaria, demonstrating that 1,2,4‐trioxolane/trioxane derivatives are useful prototypes for the control and eradication of malaria. However, malaria parasites have already developed resistance to almost all of the currently available antimalarial agents, creating an urgent need for the search of novel pharmaceutical interventions for malaria. The purpose of this review article is to provide an emphasis on the current scenario (January 2012 to January 2022) of 1,2,4‐trioxolane/trioxane hybrids and dimers with potential antimalarial activity and the structure–activity relationships are also discussed to facilitate further rational design of more effective candidates.

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How can we develop an effective subunit vaccine to achieve successful malaria eradication?

Cited by 8 publications

References 208 publications

Malaria Vaccines: From the Past towards the mRNA Vaccine Era

Malaria Vaccines: From the Past towards the mRNA Vaccine Era

Mining gene expression data for rational identification of novel drug targets and vaccine candidates against the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus

The antimalarial activity of 1,2,4‐trioxolane/trioxane hybrids and dimers: A review

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