How carnivorous fungi use three-celled constricting rings to trap nematodes

Liu, Keke; Tian, Jianqing; Xiang, Meichun; Liu, Xingzhong

doi:10.1007/s13238-012-2031-8

Cited by 32 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…P. chlamydosporia uses appressoria for host penetration (Escudero and Lopez-Llorca, 2012;Lopez-Llorca et al, 2002b), just like entomopathogenic (St. Leger et al, 1991) and plant-pathogenic fungi (Tucker and Talbot, 2001). On the contrary, nematode-trapping fungi, such as Arthrobotrys oligospora, generate complex hyphal networks and constrictive rings to capture motile nematodes (Liu et al, 2012;Yang et al, 2011). These differences in pathogenesis mechanisms are reflected in the higher homology we have found between P. chlamydosporia predicted protein-coding genes and those of entomopathogenic fungi (Metarhizium spp.)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Sequencing and functional analysis of the genome of a nematode egg-parasitic fungus, Pochonia chlamydosporia

Larriba

Jaime

Carbonell-Caballero

et al. 2014

Fungal Genetics and Biology

106

109

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Pochonia chlamydosporia is a worldwide-distributed soil fungus with a great capacity to infect and destroy the eggs and kill females of plant-parasitic nematodes. Additionally, it has the ability to colonize endophytically roots of economically-important crop plants, thereby promoting their growth and eliciting plant defenses. This multitrophic behavior makes P. chlamydosporia a potentially useful tool for sustainable agriculture approaches. We sequenced and assembled ~41 Mb of P. chlamydosporia genomic DNA and predicted 12,122 gene models, of which many were homologous to genes of fungal pathogens of invertebrates and fungal plant pathogens. Predicted genes (65%) were functionally annotated according to Gene Ontology, and 16% of them found to share homology with genes in the Pathogen Host Interactions (PHI) database. The genome of this fungus is highly enriched in genes encoding hydrolytic enzymes, such as proteases, glycoside hydrolases and carbohydrate esterases. We used RNA-Seq technology in order to identify the genes expressed during endophytic behavior of P. chlamydosporia when colonizing barley roots. Functional annotation of these genes showed that hydrolytic enzymes and transporters are expressed during endophytism. This structural and functional analysis of the P. chlamydosporia genome provides a starting point for understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the multitrophic lifestyle of this fungus. The genomic information provided here should also prove useful for enhancing the capabilities of this fungus as a biocontrol agent of plant-parasitic nematodes and as a plant growth-promoting organism.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Sequencing and functional analysis of the genome of a nematode egg-parasitic fungus, Pochonia chlamydosporia

Larriba

Jaime

Carbonell-Caballero

et al. 2014

Fungal Genetics and Biology

106

109

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“…In addition, electron microscopy has shown that during the ring-cell expansion, the outer cell wall of the ring cells is ruptured along a defined line on the inner surface of the ring (Nordbring-Hertz et al, 2011). It has been suggested that this release of wall pressure leads to a rapid uptake of water, followed by expansion of the elastic inner wall of the ring cells (Yang et al, 2007b;Liu et al, 2009Liu et al, , 2012Nordbring-Hertz et al, 2011).…”

Section: Development and Evolution Of Trapsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trapping devices of nematode-trapping fungi: formation, evolution, and genomic perspectives

Yong

Zhou

et al. 2015

Biol Rev

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Nematode-trapping fungi (NTF) are potential biological control agents against plant- and animal-parasitic nematodes. These fungi produce diverse trapping devices (traps) to capture, kill, and digest nematodes as food sources. Most NTF can live as both saprophytes and parasites. Traps are not only the weapons that NTF use to capture and infect nematodes, but also an important indicator of their switch from a saprophytic to a predacious lifestyle. Formation of traps and their numbers are closely related to the nematicidal activity of NTF, so the mechanisms governing trap formation have become a focus of research on NTF. Recently, much progress has been made in our understanding of trap formation, evolution, and the genome, proteome and transcriptome of NTF. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in research on traps of NTF. Various inducers of trap formation, trap development, structural properties and evolution of traps are summarized and discussed. We specifically discuss the latest studies of NTF based on genomic, proteomic and transcriptomic analyses.

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“…The closure is very rapid (0.1 s) and is triggered by pressure of the nematode on the constricting-ring cells [ 9 ]. Ultrastructural examinations revealed that the cell wall of the constricting-ring cells is folded; when the cells inflate, the folded cell wall balloons out and forms the new cell wall [ 10 , 11 ]. The adhesive trap is surrounded by a layer of fibrillar, extracellular polymers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interspecific and host-related gene expression patterns in nematode-trapping fungi

et al. 2014

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BackgroundNematode-trapping fungi are soil-living fungi that capture and kill nematodes using special hyphal structures called traps. They display a large diversity of trapping mechanisms and differ in their host preferences. To provide insights into the genetic basis for this variation, we compared the transcriptome expressed by three species of nematode-trapping fungi (Arthrobotrys oligospora, Monacrosporium cionopagum and Arthrobotrys dactyloides, which use adhesive nets, adhesive branches or constricting rings, respectively, to trap nematodes) during infection of two different plant-pathogenic nematode hosts (the root knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla and the sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii).ResultsThe divergence in gene expression between the fungi was significantly larger than that related to the nematode species being infected. Transcripts predicted to encode secreted proteins and proteins with unknown function (orphans) were overrepresented among the highly expressed transcripts in all fungi. Genes that were highly expressed in all fungi encoded endopeptidases, such as subtilisins and aspartic proteases; cell-surface proteins containing the carbohydrate-binding domain WSC; stress response proteins; membrane transporters; transcription factors; and transcripts containing the Ricin-B lectin domain. Differentially expressed transcripts among the fungal species encoded various lectins, such as the fungal fruit-body lectin and the D-mannose binding lectin; transcription factors; cell-signaling components; proteins containing a WSC domain; and proteins containing a DUF3129 domain. A small set of transcripts were differentially expressed in infections of different host nematodes, including peptidases, WSC domain proteins, tyrosinases, and small secreted proteins with unknown function.ConclusionsThis is the first study on the variation of infection-related gene expression patterns in nematode-trapping fungi infecting different host species. A better understanding of these patterns will facilitate the improvements of these fungi in biological control programs, by providing molecular markers for screening programs and candidates for genetic manipulations of virulence and host preferences.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-968) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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How carnivorous fungi use three-celled constricting rings to trap nematodes

Cited by 32 publications

References 25 publications

Sequencing and functional analysis of the genome of a nematode egg-parasitic fungus, Pochonia chlamydosporia

Sequencing and functional analysis of the genome of a nematode egg-parasitic fungus, Pochonia chlamydosporia

Trapping devices of nematode-trapping fungi: formation, evolution, and genomic perspectives

Interspecific and host-related gene expression patterns in nematode-trapping fungi

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