“…First, the observation that charter school density, proximity, or market share is generating competition because of effects, does not account for any effects that could be generated through choice, autonomy, collusion, or cooperation. Second, the assumption that the presence of charter schools is inducing a competitive response is flawed as institutional factors and environmental factors may prevent a public school district or school from responding (Linick & Lubienski, 2013;Ni & Arsen, 2010). Lastly, though many studies claim charter school "competition" is generating effects, a more accurate description would be that charter school proximity, density, and/or market share is associated with a change of outcomes at district-run schools.…”