How Clause-bounded is the Scope of Universals?

Abstract

No abstract.

The cost of raising quantifiers

“…The syntax and semantics of subjunctives is rather controversial, but one trend is to represent subjunctives as complements that lack a contentful or domain/phase inducing CP (see works arguing that subjunctive markers are IP elements rather than complementizers; e.g., Terzi 1992;Philippaki-Warburton 1994;Rivero 1994;Giannakidou 2009; or works suggesting deficient and/or non-phasal CPs; e.g., Alboiu 2007;Wurmbrand 2013). Either approach predicts, as specified in Table 4, that QR is easier (more acceptable) across subjunctive clauses than indicative clauses, which we have seen is exactly the outcome of Tanaka (2015b)'s experiment in (18), as well as the data presented in Farkas & Giannakidou (1996).…”

“…In the previous section, we have seen a first indication that a more nuanced distinction is needed for different types of finite clauses-indicatives vs. subjunctives. This difference in clause-boundedness effects is also noted in Farkas & Giannakidou (1996) who show that in Greek, QR is not possible across an indicative clause boundary, but is possible from certain subjunctive clauses. 13 An interesting pilot experiment conducted by K. Moulton (consisting of two pen-and-paper questionnaires) shows further that QR out of different types of infinitives is not a binary option, and, most importantly, that the grouping of Restructuring and simple predicates is not sufficient (see Moulton 2007).…”

“…As noted in Farkas & Giannakidou (1996), (certain) subjunctives (despite being finite) are more permeable to scope than indicatives, at least in Greek. In English, an area of extensive variation is found when QR out of infinitives is considered.…”

“…Although indefinite QPs are not (or less) restricted in where they take scope, universal QPs seem to be clause-bound, as illustrated in (1) (see, among others, Farkas 1981;Fodor & Sag 1982;Abusch 1994;Beghelli 1995;Fox 1995;Farkas & Giannakidou 1996;Szabolcsi 1997;Johnson 2000;Cecchetto 2004). For instance, (1a,b) are typically seen as pragmatically ill-formed as they imply that Sue is married to every man.…”

Asymmetries in Long-Distance QR

“…Similarly, Wurmbrand (2013) reports that scope-shift out of subjunctive finite clauses is much more effortless than scope-shift out of indicative clauses (see also Farkas and Giannakidou 1996). For example, (1) is scopally ambiguous.…”