How common is equine herpesvirus type 1 infection?

Dunowska, Magdalena

doi:10.1136/vr.i190

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Given this history, we concluded that at least some mares sampled for the current trial had been previously exposed to EHV-1. Based on this assumption, the mares in the current study may simply not have demonstrated viral recrudescence with subsequent viraemia and shedding (Dunowska 2016). The percentage of latently infected mares was unknown at the time of the study and the farm’s protocol of routine, comprehensive vaccination of pregnant mares may have suppressed viral reactivation and shedding (Goehring et al 2010; Minke, Audonnet & Fischer 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Failure to detect equid herpesvirus types 1 and 4 DNA in placentae and healthy new-born Thoroughbred foals

Brown

Kydd

et al. 2019

J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc.

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Equid herpesvirus type 1 is primarily a respiratory tract virus associated with poor athletic performance that can also cause late gestation abortion, neonatal foal death and encephalomyelopathy. Horizontal transmission is well described, whereas evidence of vertical transmission of equid herpesvirus type 1 associated with the birth of a healthy foal has not been demonstrated. This study sampled a population of Thoroughbred mares ( n = 71), and their healthy neonatal foals and foetal membranes, to test for the presence of both equid herpesvirus types 1 and 4 using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. Foetal membrane swabs and tissue samples were taken immediately post-partum, and venous blood samples and nasal swabs were obtained from both mare and foal 8 h after birth. Neither equid herpesvirus type 1 nor equid herpesvirus type 4 nucleic acid was detected in any sample, and it was concluded that there was no active shedding of equid herpesvirus types 1 and 4 at the time of sampling. Consequently, no evidence of vertical transmission of these viruses could be found on this stud farm during the sampling period.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The establishment of latency is a key feature of all herpesvirus infections (Dunowska 2016): EHV-1 becomes latent in the trigeminal ganglia and lymphoid tissue (Slater et al 1994). A review of literature on latent EHV-1 infection suggested that more than 50% of the horse population is latently infected with EHV-1 (Brown et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Failure to detect equid herpesvirus types 1 and 4 DNA in placentae and healthy new-born Thoroughbred foals

Brown

Kydd

et al. 2019

J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc.

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“…The latent EHV-1 infection has a high prevalence, higher than 60% (Allen, 2002a;Lunn et al, 2009), in equine populations worldwide (Allen, 2002b;Lunn et al, 2009;Dunowska, 2014;Slater, 2014;OIE, 2019b;Oladunni et al, 2019), although the proportion of infected horses showing clinical signs is much lower. The true prevalence is hard to estimate due to the complex relationship of EHV-1 and its equine host, especially due to the virus latency (Dunowska, 2016). As mentioned above, some authors estimated a prevalence higher than 60%, while the prevalence of infection ranging from 15% to 88% in equine populations in France, Brazil, New Zealand, UK and the USA was estimated based on direct detection of EHV-1 by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) post-mortem examination in latency target organs (Edington et al, 1994;Carvalho et al, 2000;Taouji et al, 2002;Pusterla et al, 2010b;Pusterla et al, 2012;Dunowska et al, 2015).…”

Section: Morbiditymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In observational studies on respiratory diseases, nasal discharge or other signs referable to the upper respiratory disease were reported in less than 4% of the studied horses (Burrell et al, 1996; Gross et al, 2000; Wood et al, 2005). Some authors failed to demonstrate an association between clinical respiratory signs and EHV‐1 infection, suggesting that the EHV‐1 infection is generally self‐limited to the upper respiratory tract (Christley et al, 2001; Newton et al, 2003; Slater, 2014; Dunowska, 2016). The eventual severe rhinitis and bronchopneumonia is more likely ascribed to secondary bacterial infections in which EHV‐1 acts as a predisposing factor (Dunowska, 2014).…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): infection with Equine Herpesvirus‐1

Nielsen¹,

Álvarez²,

Bicout³

et al. 2022

EFS2

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Equine Herpesvirus‐1 infection has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of: Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of the disease to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of the disease according to disease prevention and control measures as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to Equine Herpesvirus‐1 infection. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, and expert judgement on each criterion at individual and collective level. The outcome is the median of the probability ranges provided by the experts, which indicates whether the criterion is fulfilled (66–100%) or not (0–33%), or whether there is uncertainty about fulfilment (33–66%). For the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. According to the assessment performed, Equine Herpesvirus‐1 infection can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention according to Article 5 of the Animal Health Law with 33–90% certainty. According to the criteria as in Annex IV of the AHL related to Article 9 of the AHL for the categorisation of diseases according to the level of prevention and control, it was assessed with less than 1% certainty that EHV‐1 fulfils the criteria as in Section 1 (category A), 1–5% for the criteria as in Section 2 (category B), 10–66% for the criteria as in Section 3 (category C), 66–90% for the criteria as in Section 4 (category D) and 33–90% for the criteria as in Section 5 (category E). The animal species to be listed for EHV‐1 infection according to Article 8(3) criteria are the species belonging to the families of Equidae, Bovidae, Camelidae, Caviidae, Cervidae, Cricetidae, Felidae, Giraffidae, Leporidae, Muridae, Rhinocerontidae, Tapiridae and Ursidae.

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“…The virus is transmitted via direct horse‐to‐horse contact via oronasal secretions as well as from contact with contaminated aborted fetuses, placenta, and fomites 2,3 . Many horses (at least 10%‐30%) are latently infected leading to reactivating infections 4‐6 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacologic interventions for the treatment of equine herpesvirus‐1 in domesticated horses: A systematic review

Goehring,

Dorman,

Osterrieder

et al. 2024

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundEquine herpes virus type 1 (EHV‐1) infection in horses is associated with upper respiratory disease, neurological disease, abortions, and neonatal death.Review QuestionDoes pharmacological therapy decrease either the incidence or severity of disease or infection caused by EHV‐1 in domesticated horses?MethodsA systematic review was preformed searching AGRICOLA, CAB Abstracts, Cochrane, PubMed, Web of Science, and WHO Global Health Index Medicus Regional Databases to identify articles published before February 15, 2021. Selection criteria were original research reports published in peer reviewed journals, and studies investigating in vivo use of therapeutic agents for prevention or treatment of EHV‐1 in horses. Outcomes assessed included measures related to clinical outcomes that reflect symptomatic EHV‐1 infection or virus infection. We evaluated risk of bias and performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.ResultsA total of 7009 unique studies were identified, of which 9 met the inclusion criteria. Two studies evaluated valacyclovir or small interfering RNAs, and single studies evaluated the use of a Parapoxvirus ovis‐based immunomodulator, human alpha interferon, an herbal supplement, a cytosine analog, and heparin. The level of evidence ranged between randomized controlled studies and observational trials. The risk of bias was moderate to high and sample sizes were small. Most studies reported either no benefit or minimal efficacy of the intervention tested.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceOur review indicates minimal or limited benefit either as a prophylactic or post‐exposure treatment for any of the studied interventions in the mitigation of EHV‐1‐associated disease outcome.

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How common is equine herpesvirus type 1 infection?

Cited by 4 publications

References 21 publications

Failure to detect equid herpesvirus types 1 and 4 DNA in placentae and healthy new-born Thoroughbred foals

Failure to detect equid herpesvirus types 1 and 4 DNA in placentae and healthy new-born Thoroughbred foals

Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): infection with Equine Herpesvirus‐1

Pharmacologic interventions for the treatment of equine herpesvirus‐1 in domesticated horses: A systematic review

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