How critical is the event? Multicultural Norway after 22 July 2011

Kolås, Åshild

doi:10.1080/13504630.2016.1271740

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The long-term effects, however, vary over time (see e.g. Kola˚s, 2017). These tendencies are indicative of the inherent fluidity of time, whereby people experience and perceive temporal dimensions differently (Erdal and Ezzati, 2015).…”

Section: From Consensus To Contestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do we have to agree? Accommodating unity in diversity in post-terror Norway

Ezzati

Erdal

2017

Ethnicities

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Fostering unity in diversity while ensuring spaces for disagreement is a key challenge for all liberal democracies with ethnic and religious diversity. Increasing polarization, not least due to the threat of terror attacks, exacerbates this challenge. Drawing on the case of Norway in the aftermath of the 2011 terror attacks motivated by 'Eurabia' sentiments, we find that both consensus and contestation are necessary to counter conflictual polarization. Consensus establishes a necessary common ground for interaction, while contestation permits diverging interpretations to emerge. Working with 21 semi-structured interviews with people in influential roles in Norway, we propose an analytical framework that draws on both political theory and empirically based analyses of interaction in diverse societies. We find that consensus-oriented approaches immediately following terror attacks can build unity and bridge divides across existing ethnic, religious, and political diversity. Over time, however, they may contribute to conflict, as they are perceived to conceal underlying disagreements. Perspectives founded on dualistic contestation can also cultivate conflict if opponents increasingly perceive each other as enemies in a hostile environment. A plurality of contestations, by contrast, can de-escalate conflict and thereby ease renewed cooperation. Thus, our findings point to the need for a perspective that transcends the dualism of ''us'' and ''them'', and acknowledges the plurality of human beings in order to de-escalate the spiral of polarization.

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Section: From Consensus To Contestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do we have to agree? Accommodating unity in diversity in post-terror Norway

Ezzati

Erdal

2017

Ethnicities

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“…3 Experimental work by Birkelund et al (2019) indicates, however, that Norweigans' reactions did not translate into less discrimination against ethnic minorities on the national job market three to five months after the event. The only study examining a longer time-frame is Kolås (2017), which finds no evidence of strong policy implications of the attack in the years following 22 July. Our analysis differs from that body of work in terms of its research questions (i.e., the focus herein on party leadership and political outcomes), empirical approach (i.e., exploitation of victims' geographical locations and the combination of short-and longer-term impacts) and datasets (using both novel survey data and actual election results).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Party leaders and voter responses to political terrorism

Geys

Hernæs²

2020

Public Choice

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In this article, we study the political implications of terrorism rooted in extremist political ideologies. Our data uniquely allow studying the potential role of party leader evaluations on political outcomes, including voter turnout and vote choice. To strengthen causal identification, we combine an event-study framework with the fact that Norwegians were affected personally to differing degrees by the 22 July 2011 terror attack because of variation in the victims' municipalities of residence. Our main findings suggest that extreme right-wing terrorism influences party vote intentions and evaluations of political leaders strongly in the short run, as well as party choice in actual elections in the longer run. We document shifts within Norway's left-right political blocs rather than shifts between those blocs frequently observed following religious/separatist violence.

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“…After the terrorist attack in Norway on 22 July 2011, debates on countermeasures re-intensified and numerous measures were implemented, on multiple scales, to prevent future attacks (Kolås, 2017). Counterterrorism went from being a national and centralised responsibility to becoming a multilevel and multiagency responsibility where the local level and civil society played an important role.…”

Section: The Norwegian Approach To Terrorism and Counterterrorism In mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nordic Societal Security

Larsson¹,

Rhinard²

2020

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This book compares and contrasts publicly espoused security concepts in the Nordic region, and explores the notion of 'societal security'. Outside observers often assume that Nordic countries take similar approaches to the security and safety of their citizens. This book challenges that assumption and traces the evolution of societal security, and its broadly equivalent concepts, in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland. The notion of societal security is deconstructed and analysed in terms of its different meanings and implications for each country, through both country-and issue-focused studies. Each chapter traces the evolution of key security concepts and related practices, allowing for a comparison of similarities and differences between these four countries. Using discourses and practices as evidence, this is the first book to explore how different Nordic nations have conceptualised domestic security over time. The findings will be valuable to scholars from across the geographical and theoretical spectrum, while highlighting how Nordic security discourses and practices may deviate from traditional assumptions about Nordic values. This book will be of much interest to students of security studies, Nordic politics, and International Relations.

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How critical is the event? Multicultural Norway after 22 July 2011

Cited by 11 publications

References 28 publications

Do we have to agree? Accommodating unity in diversity in post-terror Norway

Do we have to agree? Accommodating unity in diversity in post-terror Norway

Party leaders and voter responses to political terrorism

Nordic Societal Security

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