How Deliberate, Spontaneous, and Unwanted Memories Emerge in a Computational Model of Consciousness

Baars, Bernard J.; Ramamurthy, Uma; Franklin, Stan

doi:10.1002/9780470774069.ch9

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 129 publications

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“…Conversely, as argued above, the repeating strategy appears to take a direct route much like direct retrieval. Here, it appears that the continuous focus of attention on the retrieval cue brings the episodic information directly to mind, without the need to activate associated knowledge structures (for attentional accounts of retrieval, see Norman & Bobrow, ; Norman & Shallice, ; and similarly, Baars, Ramamurthy, & Franklin, ; Franklin & Baars, ). To take the analogy between repeating and direct retrieval further, one could argue that the repeating strategy is merely the strategic use of direct retrieval.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Voluntary Remembering: Elucidating the Mental Strategies Used to Recall the Past

Mace

Clevinger

Delaney

et al. 2017

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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This study investigated the possibility that people use multiple different types of voluntary retrieval strategies when they are attempting to recall past episodes. In two experiments, we used a retrieve out loud procedure where participants were required to verbalize their thoughts while attempting to retrieve personal memories in response to phrase cues. In Experiment 1, we hypothesized that three main types of voluntary retrieval strategies would be evident during the retrieve out loud procedure, repeating, temporal, and generative/hierarchical retrieval. The results confirmed our hypothesis, showing that the three strategies were used equally. In Experiment 2, we examined the retrieval speed and success rates of the three strategies. The results showed that the repeating strategy was statistically faster than the other two strategies, while also showing that the temporal strategy had the least success in generating memories.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Voluntary Remembering: Elucidating the Mental Strategies Used to Recall the Past

Mace

Clevinger

Delaney

et al. 2017

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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“…Because autobiographical memory retrievals may be driven by a wide range of cues (Baars, Ramamurthy, & Franklin, 2007), the implication of these studies is that spontaneous retrieval processes may be less responsive to a diversity of cues in older adults than in young adults.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospective memory and aging: Evidence for preserved spontaneous retrieval with exact but not related cues.

Mullet

Scullin

Hess

et al. 2013

Psychology and Aging

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We examined whether normal aging spares or compromises cue-driven spontaneous retrieval processes that support prospective remembering. In Experiment 1, young and older adults performed prospective-memory tasks that required either strategic monitoring processes for retrieval (nonfocal) or for which participants relied on spontaneous retrieval processes (focal). We found age differences for nonfocal, but not focal, prospective-memory performance. Experiments 2 and 3 used an intention-interference paradigm in which participants were asked to perform a prospective-memory task (e.g., press "Q" when the word money appears) in the context of an image-rating task and were then told to suspend their prospective-memory intention until after completing an intervening lexical-decision task. During the lexical-decision task, we presented the exact prospective-memory cue (e.g., money; Experiments 2 and 3) or a semantically related lure (e.g., wallet; Experiment 3), and we inferred spontaneous retrieval from slowed lexical-decision responses to these items relative to matched control items. Young and older adults showed significant slowing when the exact prospective-memory cue was presented. Only young adults, however, showed significant slowing to the semantically related lure items. Collectively, these results partially support the multiprocess theory prediction that aging spares spontaneous retrieval processes. Spontaneous retrieval processes may become less sensitive with aging, such that older adults are less likely to respond to cues that do not exactly match their encoded targets.

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“…Its context is the immediate past and egocentric orientation of the individual perceiver. A similar distinction between a short-term episodic memory and a long-term autobiographical memory system forms part of a computational model of consciousness described by Baars, Ramamurthy, and Franklin (2007) . More recently, however, Conway (2009) put forward evidence that episodic memory is not restricted to short-term storage and that its contents, even though relatively inaccessible without the necessary retrieval cues, may even be permanent.…”

Section: Psychology and Neuroscience Of Memory And Imagerymentioning

confidence: 99%

Intrusive images in psychological disorders: Characteristics, neural mechanisms, and treatment implications.

Brewin¹,

Gregory²,

Lipton³

et al. 2010

Psychological Review

1,012

976

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Involuntary images and visual memories are prominent in many types of psychopathology. Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder, other anxiety disorders, depression, eating disorders, and psychosis frequently report repeated visual intrusions corresponding to a small number of real or imaginary events, usually extremely vivid, detailed, and with highly distressing content. Both memory and imagery appear to rely on common networks involving medial prefrontal regions, posterior regions in the medial and lateral parietal cortices, the lateral temporal cortex, and the medial temporal lobe. Evidence from cognitive psychology and neuroscience implies distinct neural bases to abstract, flexible, contextualized representations (C-reps) and to inflexible, sensory-bound representations (S-reps). We revise our previous dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder to place it within a neural systems model of healthy memory and imagery. The revised model is used to explain how the different types of distressing visual intrusions associated with clinical disorders arise, in terms of the need for correct interaction between the neural systems supporting S-reps and C-reps via visuospatial working memory. Finally, we discuss the treatment implications of the new model and relate it to existing forms of psychological therapy.

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How Deliberate, Spontaneous, and Unwanted Memories Emerge in a Computational Model of Consciousness

Cited by 15 publications

References 129 publications

Voluntary Remembering: Elucidating the Mental Strategies Used to Recall the Past

Voluntary Remembering: Elucidating the Mental Strategies Used to Recall the Past

Prospective memory and aging: Evidence for preserved spontaneous retrieval with exact but not related cues.

Intrusive images in psychological disorders: Characteristics, neural mechanisms, and treatment implications.

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