How Depressives View the Significance of Life Events

Schless, Arthur P.; Schwartz, Lauren; Goetz, Christopher; Mendels, J.

doi:10.1192/bjp.125.4.406

Cited by 57 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Brown & Harris, 1978;Grant et al, 1976;Lennon, Dohrenwend, Zautra, & Marbach, 1990;Raphael & Cloitre, 1994;Schless, Schwartz, Goetz, & Mendels, 1974;Theorell, 1974). For example, Theorell investigated two sets of ratings-by samples of patients with neurotic diagnoses, patients who had myocardial infarctions (MI) and controls-of items on a revised version of the SRE.…”

Section: Respondent Appraisals Of Stressfulnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inventorying stressful life events as risk factors for psychopathology: Toward resolution of the problem of intracategory variability.

Dohrenwend¹

2006

Psychological Bulletin

496

482

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An explosion of research on life events has occurred since the publication of the Holmes and Rahe checklist in 1967. Despite criticism, especially of their use in research on psychopathology, such economical inventories have remained dominant. Most of the problems of reliability and validity with traditional inventories can be traced to the intracategory variability of actual events reported in their broad checklist categories. The purposes of this review are, first, to examine how this problem has been addressed within the tradition of economical checklist approaches; second, to determine how it has been dealt with by far less widely used and far less economical labor-intensive interview and narrative-rating approaches; and, third, to assess the prospects for relatively economical, as well as reliable and valid, solutions. Keywordsstressful life events; checklist inventories; intracategory variability; narrative-rating methods; psychopathology Almost four decades ago, Holmes and Rahe (1967) published a checklist of 43 events, such as death of a spouse, divorce, fired at work, and sex difficulties, called the Schedule of Recent Experiences (SRE). Its purpose was to inventory "fundamentally important environmental incidents" (Meyer, 1951, p. 53) that were found (in analyses of patients' charts) to frequently precede illness onsets. Stressful events were defined as occurrences that were likely to bring about readjustment-requiring changes in people's usual activities. A magnitude estimation procedure was used by panels of judges to assign Life Change Unit (LCU) scores to each of the 43 events on the list (Holmes & Rahe, 1967). A summation of these scores on events occurring in a given, usually quite recent, period of time was taken as the indicator of amount of stress. The checklist can be answered in either a self-administered questionnaire or an interview.Since the publication of this economical measurement procedure, the SRE, a tremendous increase has occurred in the construction of such measures and in quantitative research on relations between inventoried life events and health. For example, a search of the terms life events, life change, stressful life events, and life stress (or a combination of these terms) using PsycINFO (http://www.apa.org/psycinfo) shows an increasing rate of publications on these topics, from 292 in the decade of 1967 to 1976, to 2,126 in 1977 to 1986, to 4,269 in 1987 to Breslau, 2002;Brown & Harris, 1989;Dohrenwend & Dohrenwend, 1974;Grant, Compas, Thurm, McMahon, & Gipson, 2004;Gunderson & Rahe, 1974;Paykel, 1974;Rahe & Arthur, 1978 Tor, 1998). The common characteristic of these traditional checklists for research, whether focusing on usual situations or extreme situations, is that they consist of rather broad categories of events (e.g., divorce) rather than detailed descriptions of individual events (e.g., a divorce after a period of marital conflict over the infidelity of one's spouse).Although the emphasis has usually been on recent events in relatively brief interva...

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Section: Respondent Appraisals Of Stressfulnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inventorying stressful life events as risk factors for psychopathology: Toward resolution of the problem of intracategory variability.

Dohrenwend¹

2006

Psychological Bulletin

496

482

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“…Persons suffering from mental illness appear more vulnerable to interpersonal problems and irritability (Schless, et al 1974;Tweed 1993). Many recipients obtain employment or slots in job training programs only to lose them due to confrontations with coworkers and supervisors, lateness, and similar violations of workplace norms.…”

Section: Department Of Health and Human Services 1992) In Dramatic Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Welfare Reform, Substance Use, and Mental Health

Jayakody¹,

Danziger²,

Pollack³

2000

Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law

176

130

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“…Depressed patients tend to recall more negative and stressful events (Clark and Teasdale, 1982) and to rate these events as more salient and unpleasant (Schless et al, 1974). It has been suggested that physiological changes, such as high cortisol levels and increased 5-HT receptor density, observed in many patients with depression might be linked to these negative cognitive biases (Lopez et al, 1997;Barden et al, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conditioned taste aversion: modulation by 5-HT receptor activity and corticosterone

Gorzalka

Hanson

Harrington

et al. 2003

European Journal of Pharmacology

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Two experiments were designed to elucidate the involvement of the hypothalamic -pituitary -adrenal axis and the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) system in the acquisition of lithium chloride-conditioned taste aversion. In Experiment 1, rats were administered either vehicle or 50 mg/kg nefazodone daily for 4 weeks. Rats were treated with 22 mg/kg of lithium chloride in order to produce conditioned taste aversion to a sucrose solution. Three days later, nefazodone completely blocked the lithium chloride-conditioned taste aversion. In Experiment 2, the effects of chronic corticosterone administration on lithium chloride-conditioned taste aversion were investigated. Twenty male rats received either corticosterone at a dose of (50 mg/kg) or vehicle injections over a period of 14 consecutive days. Lithium chloride-conditioned taste aversion was potentiated in rats treated with corticosterone. Additionally, corticosterone-treated animals required more trials to reach extinction. These results suggest the involvement of both the 5-HT system and the hypothalamic -pituitary -adrenal axis in lithium chlorideconditioned taste aversion. D

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How Depressives View the Significance of Life Events

Cited by 57 publications

References 10 publications

Inventorying stressful life events as risk factors for psychopathology: Toward resolution of the problem of intracategory variability.

Inventorying stressful life events as risk factors for psychopathology: Toward resolution of the problem of intracategory variability.

Welfare Reform, Substance Use, and Mental Health

Conditioned taste aversion: modulation by 5-HT receptor activity and corticosterone

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