How Did the Mild and Humid Areas of China Turn Green? A Case Study on Chongqing

Abstract

Since the implementation of the Natural Forest Resources Protection Project (NFRP) and the Grain for Green Program (GFGP), two key ecological projects related to forestry, the vegetation cover in Chongqing, has improved significantly. Existing studies have revealed the effects of climate change and human activity on vegetation cover in arid regions. However, more studies are needed to reveal the influence of drivers on vegetation cover in mild and humid areas, to quantify the relative contribution of drivers and to analyze the overall land use characteristics in different regions. In this study, we used Theil–Sen slope analysis and the Mann–Kendall test to investigate the spatial and temporal changes in vegetation cover in Chongqing. Further, we used Pearson correlation analysis to analyze the correlations between vegetation cover and drivers, quantitatively analyzing the relative contributions of these drivers. Complex network model analysis was used for different regions to obtain their land-use system characteristics, and the Hurst index was adopted to predict future vegetation-cover changes. The results of this study showed that the average vegetation cover in Chongqing increased significantly from 2000 to 2020, and the overall greening trend was most obvious in winter. Precipitation and temperature influenced the vegetation cover of Chongqing city to a certain extent, and the positive correlation between vegetation cover and precipitation was more significant than that with temperature. In terms of the precipitation factor, the areas with significant positive correlations were mainly concentrated in the central and southern parts of Chongqing, which could be related to the higher precipitation in the southern part of the city. Under the combined influence of climate change and human activity, vegetation cover increased in 71.95% of the total area. Human activity had a relative contribution of 70.39% and 69.14% in the areas where vegetation cover decreased and increased, respectively. The analysis results of the complex network model showed that woodlands and grasslands contributed more to areas where the vegetation cover exhibited an increasing trend. In the future, it is estimated that 72.92% of the vegetation cover in Chongqing will exhibit a degradation trend. This study helps us further understand vegetation-cover changes in mild and humid areas, providing new research directions for informing forestry-related policies.

Recent massive expansion of wildfire and its impact on active layer over pan-Arctic permafrost

“…We used Theil-Sen slope analysis [37] and the Mann-Kendall test [38,39] to investigate the temporal trends of annual burned area. These non-parametric trend estimators can reduce the adverse effects of anomalous values and have been widely used in geographical and climatic time-series data [40].…”