How dietary intake has been assessed in African countries? A systematic review

Vila-Real, Catarina; Pimenta-Martins, Ana; Gomes, Ana; Pinto, Elisabete; Maina, Ndegwa Henry

doi:10.1080/10408398.2016.1236778

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 119 publications

(281 reference statements)

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“…A large number of participants reported being fatigued and having lost both appetite and weight; symptoms that could both influence dietary intake, but also be a result of a poor and monotone diet. There are no previous studies on dietary intake from Guinea-Bissau and only a very limited number of studies from other West African countries [3][4][5]19]. Countries of West African origin are different from one another with regards to economy and food availability, and studies from Senegal and Benin represent the only comparable data material at this point.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Information on dietary intake is essential in order to develop focused nutrition strategies aimed at improving nutritional status and health of undernourished individuals. There are no previous studies on dietary intake and diet composition of adults from Guinea-Bissau [2], and only very limited, recent data from other West African countries [3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dietary intake in undernourished adults living in Guinea-Bissau; a cross-sectional study

et al. 2019

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Background: Data on dietary intake in Guinea-Bissau is limited. The main purpose of this study was to compare mean daily energy intake (EI) with mean daily energy expenditure (EE) for a moderately active lifestyle in healthseeking individuals with a body mass index < 20.0 kg/m 2. Furthermore, dietary composition was evaluated by estimates of macronutrient energy distribution, individual dietary diversity scores, and the identification of frequently consumed food items, stratified by sex. Methods: A cross-sectional dietary survey was conducted at the suburban health-and demographic surveillance site in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa, from May 2014-February 2015. Each participant answered one intervieweradministered 24-h dietary recall at baseline, from which dietary intake was assessed. Differences in dietary intake between men and women were analysed using the X 2 test or Fisher's Exact test for categorical outcomes, and the Student's t-test for continuous variables. Results: Forty-three men and forty-eight women were included. Mean EI for men was 6326 kJ/d (sd 2104) and for women 6822 kJ/d (sd 2210). Mean EE for a moderately active lifestyle with a physical activity level of 1.75 was 10,479 kJ/d (sd 658) for men and 8729 kJ/d (sd 731) for women. Both men and women had a significantly lower mean EI compared with mean EE (p-values both < 0.001). Dietary diversity was low with a score of 3.5 (sd 1.0) for men and 4.0 (sd 1.3) for women, p-value 0.046. Macronutrient energy was distributed as 66% (sd 11) carbohydrate, 15% (sd 5) protein, and 19% (sd 9) fat, with no significant difference in distribution between men and women. Consumption of starchy and sugary carbohydrates accounted for two thirds of mean EI. Cereals were the main source of protein, in place of animal protein. Conclusions: Both men and women in this study had low mean EI compared with mean EE for a moderately active lifestyle. Dietary intake was characterized by a seemingly low dietary diversity and imbalanced macronutrient energy distribution, comprising insufficient fat intake and excess carbohydrate intake. Cereals were the main source of protein. Trial registration: PACTR2009110001673419. Registered

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary intake in undernourished adults living in Guinea-Bissau; a cross-sectional study

et al. 2019

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“…The lack of reliable dietary assessment methodologies might be one of the major reasons that justifies this absence of nutritional data (4,5) . Dietary intake studies in Kenya have been carried out by the application of 24-h recalls (24hR) (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12) , either single or multiple, and in some occasions applied together with an FFQ (13)(14)(15) , mainly qualitative and over a 7-d period (4) . Since a 24hR is time-consuming and does not cover a wide period, being insufficient to fully describe the usual intake, there is an emergent need for the development, validity and standardisation of tools for measuring and monitoring food intake.…”

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confidence: 99%

A culture-sensitive semi-quantitative FFQ for use among the adult population in Nairobi, Kenya: development, validity and reproducibility

Vila-Real

Pimenta-Martins

Magu

et al. 2020

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To develop a semi-quantitative FFQ and to evaluate its validity and reproducibility for the assessment of total dietary intake of Kenyan urban adult population, given its non-existence in Kenya. Design: The current study adopted a cross-sectional design. A culture-sensitive semi-quantitative FFQ was developed and its validity was tested relative to three non-consecutive 24-h recalls (24hR). Reproducibility was tested by the test–retest method, with a 3-week interval. Spearman’s correlation coefficients and intra-class correlation coefficients were calculated for several macro- and micronutrients. Cross-classification into quartiles and Bland and Altman plots were analysed. Setting: Nairobi county (Dagoreti South and Starehe constituencies). Participants: A convenient sample was recruited in three different clusters in Nairobi. Results: A culture-sensitive 123-food-item semi-quantitative FFQ showed higher nutrient intakes compared with the 24hR (total energy median 12543·632 v. 8501·888 kJ, P < 0·001). Energy-adjusted and deattenuated Spearman’s correlations for macronutrients ranged between 0·21 (total fat) and 0·47 (protein). The agreement in the same quartile varied from 28 % (protein) to 41 % (carbohydrates). Including adjacent quartiles, the range increased: 76 % (protein and fat) to 81 % (carbohydrates). The extreme disagreement was low. The first FFQ application resulted in higher mean values for all nutrients compared with the second FFQ (total energy median 12459·952 v. 10485·104 kJ, P < 0·001). Energy-adjusted correlations for macronutrients ranged from 0·28 (carbohydrates) to 0·61 (protein). Intra-class correlation coefficients for macronutrients were moderate, between 0·6 and 0·7. Conclusions: The developed semi-quantitative FFQ was shown to be a valid and reproducible tool for ranking urban adult Kenyans according to their dietary intake.

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“…These approximations were also based on data with known inaccuracies (Joy et al, 2014) and limited geographical representativeness (utilising food composition data from Tanzania and USDA). These challenges also plague more detailed dietary assessments across Africa (Vila-real et al, 2018) and will only improve if there are con-certed efforts to generate high quality national and regional food composition tables across the continent. The triangulation is also limited by only assessing the dietary gaps in subsistence households; the diets of households that purchase foods may differ substantially in composition and quantity (Popkin, 2014).…”

Section: Methodological Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, monitoring national and sub-population diets has provided a foundation for preventative health strategies in many countries. Individual and household diets have traditionally been monitored using 24-hour dietary recall (24hR), food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) and, to a lesser extent, longitudinal food records (Micha et al, 2018;Vila-real et al, 2018). These methods are highly heterogeneous with various modes of data collection, food classification systems, food volume quantification protocols and professional capacity requirements (Micha et al, 2018;de Keyzer et al, 2015).…”

Section: Monitoring Nutrition Diets and Food Securitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Food security in rural sub-Saharan Africa : a household level assessment of crop-livestock systems

Fraval¹

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Members of rural households in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are both vulnerable to the health burdens that stem from food insecurity and central to improving the availability and affordability of wholesome foods. It has been estimated that chronic and hidden hunger can be alleviated by implementing a suite of nutrition-specific interventions at a cost of US$9.6 billion per annum. This can be accelerated with complementary food system-based interventions. However, such interventions are hampered by a limited understanding of food security status and its associations with rural livelihoods. Therefore, the primary objective of this thesis was to describe, analyse and understand food security in rural landholding households in predominantly mixed crop-livestock agricultural systems of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The secondary objective was to improve the methodological basis of household level food security studies. The rural household multi-indicator survey (RHOMIS) tool was developed to describe and analyse the circumstances of rural households. The RHOMIS tool aims to adhere to the principles of being timeefficient, utilitarian, user-friendly, flexible and reliable. The credibility, consistency and reliability of data collected using three different farm household surveys. The shorter and more targeted survey tool, RHOMIS, performed better in terms of staying within credible bounds. Measurements of maize yields and land area owned were found to be less reliable than other variables. Despite the limitations in data quality, our analysis shows that if the same farm households are followed over time, the sample sizes needed to detect substantial changes are in the order of hundreds of surveys, and not in the thousands. The RHOMIS tool was then used to quantify changes in livelihoods and food security status in an urban linked, high potential region of Tanzania. Households in the study site adaptively responded to local and national circumstances. Changes in land ownership, livestock-holdings and high value crop production were most likely related to market opportunities and personal circumstances, rather than to direct interventions. Several households made strategic changes by expanding land ownership, planting perennial crops and investing in exotic cattle breeds; many households tactically utilised their land for diversified, mixed crop-livestock production. A central finding of this study is that the complex risk management strategies and market responsiveness demonstrated by the 'Rising' clusters are at odds with single focus activities that external organisations tend to promote. Subsequently, instances of chronic and hidden hunger were analysed in two provinces of Burkina Faso. The results of this study show that in both provinces, the ability to purchase food is what differentiates the more food secure households from their less food secure counterparts. This finding does not detract from the utility of subsistence productionwhere consumption of own-farm sourced food catered for between 72% and 91% of the annual en...

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How dietary intake has been assessed in African countries? A systematic review

Abstract: There is an emergent need to improve the existing food databases by updating food data and to develop suitable country-specific databases for those that do not have their own food composition table.

Cited by 12 publications

References 119 publications

Dietary intake in undernourished adults living in Guinea-Bissau; a cross-sectional study

Dietary intake in undernourished adults living in Guinea-Bissau; a cross-sectional study

A culture-sensitive semi-quantitative FFQ for use among the adult population in Nairobi, Kenya: development, validity and reproducibility

Food security in rural sub-Saharan Africa : a household level assessment of crop-livestock systems

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