How Do Changes in Leaf/Shoot Morphology and Crown Architecture Affect Growth and Physiological Function of Tall Trees?

Ishiga, Hiroaki

doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1242-3_8

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…6.3-6.5 in Givnish 1986), with the latter, at least, decreasing with tree height and concomitant decreases in w leaf ; and (3) to avoid runaway cavitation, in which stomatal closure should respond to w leaf (Brodribb and Holbrook 2003), not ]A/]w leaf . The trend toward producing smaller, thicker leaves with lower photosynthetic capacity per unit energetic investment under water stress at the tops of trees demonstrated by Koch et al also appears to be fairly general (Ishii 2011).…”

Section: Photosynthetic Hydraulic Limitationmentioning

confidence: 69%

Determinants of maximum tree height inEucalyptusspecies along a rainfall gradient in Victoria, Australia

Givnish

Wong

Stuart‐Williams

et al. 2014

Ecology

110

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Abstract. We present a conceptual model linking dry-mass allocational allometry, hydraulic limitation, and vertical stratification of environmental conditions to patterns in vertical tree growth and tree height. Maximum tree height should increase with relative moisture supply and both should drive variation in apparent stomatal limitation. Carbon isotope discrimination (D) should not vary with maximum tree height across a moisture gradient when only hydraulic limitation or allocational allometry limit height, but increase with moisture when both hydraulic limitation and allocational allometry limit maximum tree height. We quantified tree height and D along a gradient in annual precipitation from 300 to 1600 mm from mallee to temperate rain forest in southeastern Australia; Eucalyptus on this gradient span almost the entire range of tree heights found in angiosperms worldwide. Maximum tree height showed a strong, nearly proportional relationship to the ratio of precipitation to pan evaporation. D increased with ln P/E p , suggesting that both hydraulic limitation and allocational allometry set maximum tree height. Coordinated shifts in several plant traits should result in different species having an advantage in vertical growth rate at different points along a rainfall gradient, and in maximum tree height increasing with relative moisture supply, photosynthetic rate, nutrient supply, and xylem diameter.

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Section: Photosynthetic Hydraulic Limitationmentioning

confidence: 69%

Determinants of maximum tree height inEucalyptusspecies along a rainfall gradient in Victoria, Australia

Givnish

Wong

Stuart‐Williams

et al. 2014

Ecology

110

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“…Patterns of g i with h must be interpreted cautiously in light of the challenges to accurate measurement associated with g i methodologies (Bickford et al 2009;Pons et al 2009). Recent evidence from both temperate conifer and tropical angiosperm forests suggests that light availability is a dominant driver of leaf morphology and physiology in the lower canopy while hydrostatic water potential gradients drive variation in the upper canopy (Ishii et al 2007(Ishii et al , 2008Cavaleri et al 2010;Ishii 2011).…”

Section: Why Does D Decline Linearly With Increasing H?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(10.1-10.3), D declined with decreasing p c due to increased A at higher irradiance, and decreased g c with longer branch lengths. Other structural and physiological responses to increased tree size that can impact D include increases in leaf thickness (Vitousek et al 1990;Bond et al 1999;Hanba et al 1997;Koch et al 2004;Ishii et al 2008;Ambrose et al 2009;Ishii 2011) and hence decreasing g i (Warren and Adams 2006), although correlations between g i and leaf thickness are not always observed (Terashima et al 2005). This morphological response is commonly thought to be adaptive to the light environment, although it also driven by the gravitational constraint on leaf water potential (0.01 MPa m −1 ) and subsequent impacts on turgor during leaf expansion (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships Between Tree Height and Carbon Isotope Discrimination

et al. 2011

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Understanding how tree size impacts leaf-and crown-level gas exchange is essential to predicting forest yields and carbon and water budgets. The stable carbon isotope ratio (d 13 C) of organic matter has been used to examine the relationship of gas exchange to tree size for a host of species because it carries a temporally integrated signature of foliar photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The carbon isotope composition of leaves reflects discrimination against 13 C relative to 12 C during photosynthesis and is the net result of the balance of change in CO 2 supply and demand at the sites of photosynthesis within the leaf mesophyll. Interpreting the patterns of changes in d 13 C with tree size are not always clear, however, because multiple factors that regulate gas exchange and carbon isotope discrimination (D) co-vary with height, such as solar irradiance and hydraulic conductance. Here we review 36 carbon isotope datasets from 38 tree species and conclude that there is a consistent, linear decline of D with height. The most parsimonious explanation of this result is that gravitational constraints on maximum leaf water potential set an ultimate boundary on the shape and sign of the relationship. These hydraulic constraints are manifest both over the long term through impacts on leaf structure, and over diel periods via impacts on stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and leaf hydraulic conductance. Shading induces a positive offset to the linear decline, consistent with light limitations reducing carbon fixation and increasing partial pressures of CO 2 inside of the leaf, p c at a given height. Biome differences between tropical and temperate forests were more important in predicting D and its relationship to height than wood type associated with being an angiosperm or gymnosperm. It is not yet clear how leaf internal conductance varies with leaf mass area, but some data in particularly tall, temperate conifers suggest that photosynthetic capacity may not vary dramatically with height when compared between tree-tops, while stomatal and leaf internal conductances do decline in unison with height within canopy gradients. It is also clear that light is a critical variable low in the canopy, whereas hydrostatic constraints dominate the relationship between D and height in the upper canopy. The trend of increasing maximum height with decreasing minimum D suggests that trees that become particularly tall may be adapted to tolerate particularly low values of p c .

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“…Sugi is a long-living, fast-growing species adapted to temperate, maritime climates, but suffering seasonally high water demanding conditions [27,37,38]. As a tall tree (>50 m), Sugi has developed a large stem and leaf storage capacity in order to overcome the hydraulic limitations to tree growth, maintaining high transpiration rates along the canopy [39][40][41][42]. Considering the trade-off between light interception and water securing as a major constrain for the distribution of resources to the aboveground and belowground tissues, we hypothesize a progressive increase in the root carbon allocation from small, slow-growing, suppressed individuals (i.e., more light-limited) to large, fast-growing, dominant trees (i.e., more water-demanding).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydraulic Constraints to Whole-Tree Water Use and Respiration in Young Cryptomeria Trees under Competition

Ferrio

Kurosawa

Wang

et al. 2018

Forests

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Although extensive studies have focused on carbon and water balance from aboveground measurements, the link between the belowground and aboveground processes deserves greater attention. In this context, the aim of this work was to assess the bi-directional feedback between whole-plant respiration and transpiration. The study was performed on 25 saplings of Sugi (Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica D. Don), including dominant and suppressed individuals (total fresh weight ranging between 0.2 and 8.0 kg). During one week, the integrated water use (WU) was determined using the Deuterium dilution method. After this, the trees were uprooted and the root, stem, and leaf respiration were measured using incubation chambers and CO2 infrared sensors. The stem and root respiration followed a power response to mass (power exponent b < 1), implying a decline in mass-specific respiration with size. Conversely, the leaf respiration followed a near-linear increase with size (power exponent b ≈ 1), but was negatively affected by the stem density, indicating the hydraulic limitations of the leaf metabolism. The water use followed a power response with the tree size (b < 1), showing a decline in the transpiration per leaf mass with the tree size, but was also negatively correlated with the stem density. Our results indicate that dominant trees are more efficient in the use of water, and highlight the role of hydraulic limitations to leaf metabolism in suppressed trees.

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How Do Changes in Leaf/Shoot Morphology and Crown Architecture Affect Growth and Physiological Function of Tall Trees?

Cited by 14 publications

References 69 publications

Determinants of maximum tree height inEucalyptusspecies along a rainfall gradient in Victoria, Australia

Determinants of maximum tree height inEucalyptusspecies along a rainfall gradient in Victoria, Australia

Relationships Between Tree Height and Carbon Isotope Discrimination

Hydraulic Constraints to Whole-Tree Water Use and Respiration in Young Cryptomeria Trees under Competition

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