How do diaspore traits, wind speed and sand surface configuration interact to determine seed burial during wind dispersal?

Liang, Wenju; Liu, Zhimin; Liu, Minghu; Qin, Xuanping; Xin, Zhiming; Lv, Yongjun; Li, Xinle; Wang, Zhigang; 蘇, 智慧; Zhou, Quanlai

doi:10.1007/s11104-019-04071-4

Cited by 16 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…The topography in nature is usually undulating, and slope direction can affect the process of diaspore dispersal ( Li, 2008 ; Liang et al , 2019 ). However, whether topographic undulation will change the relative contribution of various diaspore attributes to the variation in lift-off velocity remains unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wing loading, not terminal velocity, is the best parameter to predict capacity of diaspores for secondary wind dispersal

Liang

Liu

et al. 2020

Journal of Experimental Botany

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Abstract Lift-off velocity may be the most useful surrogate to measure the secondary dispersal capacity of diaspores. However, the most important diaspore attribute determining diaspore lift-off velocity is unclear. Furthermore, it is not known whether terminal velocity used to characterize the primary dispersal capacity of diaspores can also be used to predict their secondary wind dispersal capacity. Here, we investigate how diaspore attributes are related to lift-off velocity. Thirty-six species with diaspores differing in mass, shape index, projected area, wing loading, and terminal velocity were used in a wind tunnel to determine the relationship between diaspore attributes and lift-off velocity. We found that diaspore attributes largely explained the variation in lift-off velocity, and wing loading, not terminal velocity, was the best parameter for predicting lift-off velocity of diaspores during secondary wind dispersal. The relative importance of diaspore attributes in determining lift-off velocity was modified by both upwind and downwind slope directions and type of diaspore appendage. These findings allow us to predict diaspore dispersal behaviors using readily available diaspore functional attributes, and they indicate that wing loading is the best proxy for estimating the capacity for secondary dispersal by wind.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wing loading, not terminal velocity, is the best parameter to predict capacity of diaspores for secondary wind dispersal

Liang

Liu

et al. 2020

Journal of Experimental Botany

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“…Thus, a lack of wind reduces the performance of seed morphological characteristics that could otherwise increase dispersal distance, such as aerodynamic movement and falling time. Furthermore, wind is an important factor for seed bank formation, as higher wind speeds provide greater seed burial in the soil (Liang et al, 2019). However, recent studies have shown that under a scenario of continuous and high greenhouse gas emissions, climate change can alter wind intensities and distributions .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We collected a total of 100 seeds from 15 individuals (~7 seeds per individual), of which we selected only 50 for the experiments. All 50 selected seeds for each species were individually numbered with a felt-tip marker pen before being stored in a plastic box (Augspurger, Franson, Cushman & Muller-Landau, 2016;Liang et al, 2019). The other 50 seeds were used as backups, in the case of any problems with the first 50 seeds selected.…”

Section: Seed Species Collection and Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mass (g) and area (cm²) were measured for each seed with a precision analytical balance (Shimadzu ATY224) and ImageJ software 1.48v (Schneider, Rasband & Eliceiri, 2012), respectively. These traits were measured after being individually numbered with a pen to avoid any kind of influence of dye on the mass, which could indirectly affect the analyzed attributes (sensu Liang et al 2019). Wing-loading was calculated by dividing mass (g) by area (cm 2 ) .…”

Section: Seed Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wind speed was controlled by a digital thermo-anemo-manometer Kimo MP200 outside the wind tunnel and by a Pitot tube type-L inside the wind tunnel test-section. A pitot tube is a tubular instrument that quantifies the total pressure and the static pressure of the airflow to regulate the wind speed (Liang et al, 2019). This equipment allowed us to control wind speed and thus obtain precise values on the distance reached by seeds at specific wind speeds.…”

Section: Dispersal Potential In Controlled Conditions (Wind Tunnel Exmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Padrões fenológicos e dispersão de diásporos de espécies anemocóricas representativas do Cerrado

Novaes¹

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wing-loading, which in turn indirectly affected dispersal distance negatively via falling time. The aerodynamic group also indirectly and positively affected dispersal distance via falling time. 4. These results are innovative in indicating that a set of extrinsic and intrinsic seedrelated factors influence directly and indirectly the dispersal potential of Brazilian savanna anemocoric species. The most important factors found were wind speed and falling time, despite the linear and causal relationships between the analyzed factors. These effects are extremely important, because many times we seek explanations for events in an isolated and direct way, but forget that many factors can act together, modifying the fundamental conditions that influence the ecosystem processes.

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Diverse ecological functions and the convergent evolution of grass awns

Petersen

Kellogg

2022

American J of Botany

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The awn of grasses is a long, conspicuous outgrowth of the floral bracts in a grass spikelet. It is known to impact agricultural yield, but we know little about its broader ecological function, nor the selective forces that lead to its evolution. Grass awns are phenotypically diverse across the extant ~12,000 species of Poaceae. Awns have been lost and gained repeatedly over evolutionary time, between and within lineages, suggesting that they could be under selection and might provide adaptive benefit in some environments. Despite the phylogenetic context, we know of no studies that have tested whether the origin of awns correlates with putative selective forces on their form and function. Presence or absence of awns is not plastic; rather, heritability is high. The awns of grasses often are suggested as adaptations for dispersal, and most experimental work has been aimed at testing this hypothesis. Proposed dispersal functions include soil burial, epizoochory, and aerial orientation. Awns may also protect the seed from drought, herbivores, or fire by helping it become buried in soil. We do not fully understand the fitness or nutrient costs of awn production, but in some species awns function in photosynthesis, providing carbon to the seed. Here we show that awns likely provide an adaptive advantage, but argue that studies on awn function have lacked critical phylogenetic information to demonstrate adaptive convergent evolution, are taxonomically biased, and often lack clear alternative hypotheses.

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How do diaspore traits, wind speed and sand surface configuration interact to determine seed burial during wind dispersal?

Cited by 16 publications

References 59 publications

Wing loading, not terminal velocity, is the best parameter to predict capacity of diaspores for secondary wind dispersal

Wing loading, not terminal velocity, is the best parameter to predict capacity of diaspores for secondary wind dispersal

Padrões fenológicos e dispersão de diásporos de espécies anemocóricas representativas do Cerrado

Diverse ecological functions and the convergent evolution of grass awns

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