How do eye gaze and facial expression interact?

Bindemann, Markus; Burton, A. Mike; Langton, Steve

doi:10.1080/13506280701269318

Cited by 119 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In light of these findings, Adams and Kleck (2005) proposed a theory of the role of gaze direction in expression perception whereby direct gaze increases attributions of approach-oriented emotions (eg anger, happiness) while averted gaze increases attributions of avoidance-oriented emotions (eg sadness, fear). More recently, however, Bindemann et al (2008) were unable to replicate Adams and Kleck's findings. Our findings for the effects of head orientation on the perceived intensity of facial expressions of emotion are also difficult to reconcile with Adams and Kleck's proposal; we found that front views of faces were perceived as showing more intense emotions than three-quarter views of faces regardless of whether subjects were judging how happy faces displaying the approach-oriented emotion happiness appeared to be or were judging how disgusted faces showing the avoidance-oriented emotion disgust appeared to be.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 37%

“…Our findings for the effects of head orientation on the perceived intensity of facial expressions of emotion are also difficult to reconcile with Adams and Kleck's proposal; we found that front views of faces were perceived as showing more intense emotions than three-quarter views of faces regardless of whether subjects were judging how happy faces displaying the approach-oriented emotion happiness appeared to be or were judging how disgusted faces showing the avoidance-oriented emotion disgust appeared to be. Like Bindemann et al (2008), we found little evidence that gaze direction has different effects on perceptions of approach-and avoidance-oriented emotions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 40%

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Interactions among the Effects of Head Orientation, Emotional Expression, and Physical Attractiveness on Face Preferences

et al. 2010

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Abstract. Previous studies have shown that preferences for direct versus averted gaze are modulated by emotional expressions and physical attractiveness. For example, preferences for direct gaze are stronger when judging happy or physically attractive faces than when judging disgusted or physically unattractive faces. Here we show that preferences for front versus three-quarter views of faces, in which gaze direction was always congruent with head orientation, are also modulated by emotional expressions and physical attractiveness; participants demonstrated preferences for front views of faces over three-quarter views of faces when judging the attractiveness of happy, physically attractive individuals, but not when judging the attractiveness of relatively unattractive individuals or those with disgusted expressions. Moreover, further analyses indicated that these interactions did not simply reflect differential perceptions of the intensity of the emotional expressions shown in each condition. Collectively, these findings present novel evidence that the effect of the direction of the attention of others on attractiveness judgments is modulated by cues to the physical attractiveness and emotional state of the depicted individual, potentially reflecting psychological adaptations for efficient allocation of social effort. These data also present the first behavioural evidence that the effect of the direction of the attention of others on attractiveness judgments reflects viewer-referenced, rather than face-referenced, coding and/or processing of gaze direction.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 37%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 40%

Interactions among the Effects of Head Orientation, Emotional Expression, and Physical Attractiveness on Face Preferences

et al. 2010

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“…However, there is also evidence for cross-talk in the opposite direction: from mechanisms processing gaze to those processing expression (Adams & Kleck, 2003;Bindemann, Burton, & Langton, 2008;Ganel, Goshen-Gottstein, & Goodale, 2005). If an averted gaze could somehow reduce the salience of angry, but not happy facial expressions, then this could explain why recognition memory was poor for the identity of faces shown with angry faces and averted gaze.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If an averted gaze could somehow reduce the salience of angry, but not happy facial expressions, then this could explain why recognition memory was poor for the identity of faces shown with angry faces and averted gaze. Unfortunately, however, the evidence suggests that gaze direction exerts equivalent effects on the processing of both happy and angry faces: categorizations of both types of expression are slower when gaze is averted than when it is direct (Adams & Kleck, 2003;Bindemann, Burton, & Langton, 2008).…”

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confidence: 99%

The effect of facial expression and gaze direction on memory for unfamiliar faces

Nakashima

Langton

Yoshikawa

2012

Cognition & Emotion

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We report data from an experiment that investigated the influence of gaze direction and facial expression on face memory. Participants were shown a set of unfamiliar faces with either happy or angry facial expressions, which were either gazing straight ahead or had their gaze averted to one side. Memory for faces which were initially shown with angry expressions was found to be poorer when these faces had averted as opposed to direct gaze, whereas memory for individuals shown with happy faces was unaffected by gaze direction. We suggest that memory for another individual's face partly depends on an evaluation of the behavioural intention of that individual.3

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“…Integrating information from multiple cues of dominance (eg face shape, gaze direction) may function to increase the efficiency with which one attributes dominance to others during social interactions. Adams and Kleck (2003) have previously found that viewers were more sensitive to angry facial expressions shown with direct gaze than angry facial expressions shown with averted gaze, but also found that viewers were more sensitive to fearful expressions shown with averted gaze than fearful expressions shown with direct gaze (but see also Bindemann et al 2008). That angry faces are rated as more dominant than fearful faces (Hess et al 2000) therefore raises the possibility that viewers may also be more sensitive to physical cues of dominance (eg masculine face shape) when judging the dominance of faces with direct gaze than when judging the dominance of faces with averted gaze.…”

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confidence: 99%

Integrating Gaze Direction and Sexual Dimorphism of Face Shape When Perceiving the Dominance of Others

et al. 2009

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IntroductionThe majority of studies of facial attractiveness have emphasised the importance of physical characteristics, such as sexual dimorphism of face shape, symmetry and averageness (see Fink and Penton-Voak 2002 and Rhodes 2006 for reviews). More recent studies, however, have demonstrated that facial attractiveness is influenced by interactions between relatively invariant physical cues in faces and more changeable social signals, such as gaze direction (Conway et al 2008a(Conway et al , 2008bJones et al 2006;Kampe et al 2001). For example, Jones et al (2006) found that preferences for attractive colour and texture cues were stronger when judging the attractiveness of faces that were smiling at the viewer than when judging faces that were looking at the viewer with a neutral expression or that were looking away from the viewer. Additionally, neurobiological evidence suggests that direct gaze increases the reward value of attractive faces (ie the extent to which viewing attractive faces causes activity in brain regions associated with processing rewards), but not of relatively unattractive faces (Kampe et al 2001). Other recent studies have shown that perceiver-directed smiles are considered more attractive from opposite-sex individuals than own-sex individuals (Conway et al 2008a) and from healthy-looking, attractive individuals than relatively unhealthy-looking, unattractive individuals (Conway et al 2008b). While these studies demonstrate interactions between gaze direction and physical characteristics in faces when perceiving the attractiveness of others, it is not known whether similar interactions occur for other types of social attribution, such as dominance.Perceptions Abstract. Although gaze direction and face shape have each been shown to affect perceptions of the dominance of others, the question whether gaze direction and face shape have independent main effects on perceptions of dominance, and whether these effects interact, has not yet been studied. To investigate this issue, we compared dominance ratings of faces with masculinised shapes and direct gaze, masculinised shapes and averted gaze, feminised shapes and direct gaze, and feminised shapes and averted gaze. While faces with direct gaze were generally rated as more dominant than those with averted gaze, this effect of gaze direction was greater when judging faces with masculinised shapes than when judging faces with feminised shapes. Additionally, faces with masculinised shapes were rated as more dominant than those with feminised shapes when faces were presented with direct gaze, but not when faces were presented with averted gaze. Collectively, these findings reveal an interaction between the effects of gaze direction and sexually dimorphic facial cues on judgments of the dominance of others, presenting novel evidence for the existence of complex integrative processes that underpin social perception of faces. Integrating information from face shape and gaze cues may increase the efficiency with which we perceive the dominance of others.

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How do eye gaze and facial expression interact?

Cited by 119 publications

References 45 publications

Interactions among the Effects of Head Orientation, Emotional Expression, and Physical Attractiveness on Face Preferences

Interactions among the Effects of Head Orientation, Emotional Expression, and Physical Attractiveness on Face Preferences

The effect of facial expression and gaze direction on memory for unfamiliar faces

Integrating Gaze Direction and Sexual Dimorphism of Face Shape When Perceiving the Dominance of Others

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