How do institutions and infrastructure affect mobilization around public toilets vs. piped water? Examining intra-slum patterns of collective action in Delhi, India

Chidambaram, Soundarya

doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104984

Cited by 19 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Moreover, small and semipermanent dwellings and poor connectivity to sewerage networks compel slumdwellers to rely on public latrines or toilets (Gulyani & Talukdar, 2009; Tumwebaze et al, 2014; Wegelin‐Schuringa & Kodo, 1997). Not only are private toilets mostly absent, but also many public toilets tend to be unusable or unclean (Chidambaram, 2020; Tumwebaze et al, 2014). Slumdwellers value access to these basic services (Das et al, 2017; Kolowe, 2014) and in their absence have to adapt in a number of ways.…”

Section: Access To Basic Services In Slumsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Slumdwellers value access to these basic services (Das et al, 2017; Kolowe, 2014) and in their absence have to adapt in a number of ways. For instance, water supply provision may happen through water kiosks, ground water, water tankers, community supply through pipes and submersible pumps, and informal arrangements for tapping into the main water pipes (Ashraf et al, 2016; Chidambaram, 2020; Gulyani et al, 2006).…”

Section: Access To Basic Services In Slumsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of different solutions have been shown to be effective for improving basic services in slums. These are either bottom‐up community‐led efforts—such as collectively building and managing toilet blocks, leveraging political networks, and petitioning various state actors through collective action (at times with the help of NGOs) (Auerbach, 2020; Burra et al, 2003; Chidambaram, 2020; Pierce, 2020)—or enacted by the state through formal policies, such as notifying slum settlements or granting some form of tenure security (Gulyani & Talukdar, 2008; Nakamura, 2017; Nyametso, 2012; Scott et al, 2013). It is possible that the latter may be consequences of demands from slum communities themselves for regularization, and hence also result in part from bottom‐up processes.…”

Section: Access To Basic Services In Slumsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Infrastructure, enforcement, and COVID‐19 in Mumbai slums: A first look

Tandel

Gandhi²,

Patranabis³

et al. 2021

Journal of Regional Science

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This study is among the first to investigate whether patterns of access to basic services could explain the disproportionately severe impact of COVID-19 in slums. Using geolocated containment zones and COVID-19 case data for Mumbai, India's most populous city, we find that cases and case fatality rates are higher in slums compared with formal residential buildings.Our results show that access to toilets for men is associated with lower COVID-19 prevalence. However, the effect is opposite in the case of toilets for women. This could be because limited hours for safely using toilets and higher waiting times increase the risk of exposure, and women and children sharing toilet facilities results in crowding. Proximity to water pipelines has no effect on prevalence, likely because slumdwellers are disconnected from formal water supply networks. Indoor crowding does not seem to have an effect on case prevalence.Finally, while police capacity-measured by number of police station outposts-is associated with lower prevalence in nonslum areas, indicating effective enforcement of containment, this relationship does not hold in slums. The study highlights the urgency of finding viable solutions for slum improvement and upgrading to mitigate the effects of contagion for some of the most vulnerable populations.

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Section: Access To Basic Services In Slumsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Access To Basic Services In Slumsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Access To Basic Services In Slumsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Infrastructure, enforcement, and COVID‐19 in Mumbai slums: A first look

Tandel

Gandhi²,

Patranabis³

et al. 2021

Journal of Regional Science

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show abstract

“…He provides a framework covering the dimensions of people, life, things, spaces, and distributions to analyze this urban nature. Second, Chidambaram (2020) focuses more specifically on the slums within cities and argues that the ecology of each slum and the bureaucraticinstitutional complexity that it is embedded in account for the failure of mobilizing slum communities in Delhi to build toilets. Finally, O'Reilly, Dhanju, and Goel (2017) explore "remoteness" as a distinctive nature in the sanitation problems in rural areas.…”

Section: Structural Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Sanitation” in the Top Development Journals: A Review

Revilla¹,

Qu²,

Seetharam³

et al. 2021

SSRN Journal

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The top 12 development journals published a total of 18,329 papers during the period 2000-2020. Out of these, just 51 focused on sanitation and related issues, which are the focus of this review. Results were mixed on the efficiency of sanitation delivery since political factors and administrative characteristics vary across locations. Accountability and leadership, especially at the local level, appear to be important driving forces. There is a need for more case studies that analyze what works, and what does not, in specific locations. Also, further studies will have to investigate how to influence the norms, traditions, and beliefs towards favorably supporting household sanitation decisions. Additionally, governments should enhance their social welfare programs to address socioeconomic inequalities (i.e., income, gender, and rural-urban disparities), which also critically affect individual and household sanitation investments. Efforts at national and international levels are needed to encourage research on the various dimensions of sanitation.

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“…9.Chidambaram (2020) finds that caste differences do not constrain cooperation over water resources in urban slum settings.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Moderating Effect of Democracy on Climate-Induced Social Conflict: Evidence from Indian Districts

Sarbahi

Koren

2021

Political Research Quarterly

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Do political institutions moderate the effect of environmental stress on social conflict? We posit that while the frequency of social conflict in developing agrarian states can increase during drought, democratic competition reduces conflict and can facilitate cooperation, reversing this effect. This hypothesis is tested on a sample of all districts in India over a period from 2001 to 2014. The dependent variable captures the number of crimes perpetrated against scheduled castes—so-called “untouchables”—and scheduled tribes—India’s Indigenous groups—during a given district-year. When the effect of drought is moderated using a local electoral competition index, findings show that although droughts increase the frequency of social conflicts where political institutions are weak, they reduce it where political institutions are strong. The results are robust to alternative operationalization choices. Our findings, thus, have relevance both to scholars of the climate–conflict nexus and to policymakers working to address climate change’s effects.

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How do institutions and infrastructure affect mobilization around public toilets vs. piped water? Examining intra-slum patterns of collective action in Delhi, India

Cited by 19 publications

References 66 publications

Infrastructure, enforcement, and COVID‐19 in Mumbai slums: A first look

Infrastructure, enforcement, and COVID‐19 in Mumbai slums: A first look

“Sanitation” in the Top Development Journals: A Review

The Moderating Effect of Democracy on Climate-Induced Social Conflict: Evidence from Indian Districts

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