2016
DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2016.1172744
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How Do Light and Intermittent Smokers Differ from Heavy Smokers in Young Adulthood: The Role of Smoking Restraint Strategies

Abstract: Light and intermittent smoking has become a prevalent pattern of use among young adults. Little is known about which factors differentiate light and intermittent smokers (LITS) from heavy smokers (HS) in young adulthood. In this study, we compare young adult LITS with HS with regard to demographic- and smoking-related variables, self-control abilities, and concrete strategies of smoking restraint. The data were collected as part of an Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) study with 137 German young adult smok… Show more

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Cited by 3 publications
(3 citation statements)
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“…In our study, EMA annotations of craving, emotional valence, arousal, smoking enjoyment, and difficulty of resisting smoking were significantly different between light and moderate to heavy smokers but were not significant in the Poisson model to predict the number of cigarettes smoked in 1 hour. Higher craving has been linked to higher smoking incidence [ 34 , 35 ], and the difficulty of resisting smoking was found to be different among smoker types [ 36 ]. Emotional valence and arousal have been studied widely with respect to smoking behavior, and negative affect (NA) has been recognized as a nicotine withdrawal symptom and is correlated in some studies to increased smoking but is considered not a reliable antecedent of smoking, given that for example, stress influences NA as well [ 34 ].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In our study, EMA annotations of craving, emotional valence, arousal, smoking enjoyment, and difficulty of resisting smoking were significantly different between light and moderate to heavy smokers but were not significant in the Poisson model to predict the number of cigarettes smoked in 1 hour. Higher craving has been linked to higher smoking incidence [ 34 , 35 ], and the difficulty of resisting smoking was found to be different among smoker types [ 36 ]. Emotional valence and arousal have been studied widely with respect to smoking behavior, and negative affect (NA) has been recognized as a nicotine withdrawal symptom and is correlated in some studies to increased smoking but is considered not a reliable antecedent of smoking, given that for example, stress influences NA as well [ 34 ].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Si tratta dell'impulso a fumare che si attiva nelle situazioni in cui si è abituati a farlo [33], il quale è risultato essere un predittore del fumo ancor più significativo e rilevante per i fumatori leggeri, rispetto ai forti fumatori. Questi ultimi meno "reattivi" al craving attivato da trigger situazionali e più soliti fumare conseguentemente a stress e affettività negativa [31,34,35]. Inoltre, anche la percezione del fumatore circa la propria dipendenza può influire sul consumo.…”
Section: Discussioneunclassified
“…Uno studio longitudinale ha messo in luce che, indipendentemente dalla gravità oggettiva della dipendenza e dal numero di sigarette consumate, fosse piuttosto la percezione soggettiva di dipendenza, ovvero il ritenersi o meno dipendente dal tabacco, ad associarsi alle successive variazioni nel consumo di sigarette [36]. In uno degli studi indicati [35], i fumatori leggeri o occasionali si differenziavano significativamente dai forti fumatori anche in relazione al possesso di un'alta auto-efficacia, pochi amici fumatori, maggiore disponibilità a smettere di fumare, impiego di strategie per cercare deliberatamente di limitare o ritardare il ricorso alle sigarette. Questi dati offrono lo spunto per rimarcare che, sebbene i fumatori con dipendenza accendano gran parte delle sigarette in corrispondenza del calo della nicotina nel cervello [37] e le caratteristiche demografiche e di consumo costituiscano importanti correlati e fattori predittivi del cambiamento dell'abitudine tabagica, sono molteplici le dimensioni intrapersonali, interpersonali, ambientali e socioculturali che costituiscono un insieme di fattori di rischio e, al contempo, anche di risorse protettive, in reciproca interazione [26].…”
Section: Discussioneunclassified