How do multiple long-term conditions impact on the cost-of-illness in early rheumatoid arthritis?

Abstract

ObjectiveMultiple long-term conditions (MLTCs) are prevalent in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and associated with worse outcomes and greater economic burden. However, little is known about the impact of MLTCs on the cost-of-illness (COI) in early RA, including direct and indirect costs. The objective of this study was to quantify this impact on COI.MethodsThe Scottish Early Rheumatoid Arthritis study is a national cohort of adults with new-onset RA. Direct costs were estimated applying relevant unit costs to health resource utilisation; indirect costs were measured by productivity loss due to health conditions. Two-part models were used, adjusting for age, gender, baseline functional disability and health-related quality of life. The Charlson Comorbidity Index score was calculated using ICD-10 diagnoses. Individuals were defined as ‘RA alone’, ‘RA plus LTC’ and ‘RA plus MLTCs’ according to the number of coexisting LTCs.ResultsData were available for 818 participants. Average annualised direct costs incurred by people with early RA plus MLTCs (£4444; 95% CI £3100 to £6371) were twice as, and almost five times higher than, those with a single LTC (£2184; 95% CI £1596 to £2997) and those without LTC (£919; 95% CI £694 to £1218), respectively. Indirect costs incurred by RA plus MLTCs (£842; 95% CI £377to £1521) were 3.1 times higher than RA alone (£530; 95% CI £273to £854). The relative proportion of direct costs increased with LTC category, ranging from 77.2% to 84.1%. In addition to increased costs with LTCs, costs also increased with age and were higher for men regardless of LTC category.ConclusionsMLTCs impact on COI early in the course of RA. The presence of LTCs is associated with significant increases in both direct and indirect costs among people with early RA.

Household catastrophic health expenditures for rheumatoid arthritis: a single centre study from South India

“…The estimated mean disease duration in our study is high, and studies have found that greater treatment costs are related to longer disease duration 25 26 . Other studies conducted globally have reported average annual treatment costs for RA patients, with a 2001 study in the United States estimating $9519 27 and a Scottish study estimating £4444 28 . Similarly, the average annual total cost for patients with high disease activity was $13,303 more than for patients in remission 25 .…”