How Do Non-Clinical Paranoid and Socially Anxious Individuals React to Failure? The Role of Hostility and State Anxiety

Abstract

Background: Theoretical models of persecutory delusions have emphasized the impact of negative emotion namely anxiety at the early stages of symptom formation. Also, studies on persecutory delusions have discovered that trait anger is associated to the presence of paranoid delusions.

Coping With Perceived Abusive Supervision: The Role of Paranoia

“…Aggression is a well-known coping response (Buss & Perry, 1992) but it can be harmful when connected to paranoia (Lopes, 2011) because paranoia induces antagonistic forms of anger such as shouting or arguing (Freeman, 2007) and paranoia can prevent a worker from accepting that a supervisor’s action has an innocent explanation, thus, straining the supervisor–employee relationship (Chan & McAllister, 2014; Kramer, 2001). The interactions thus become either insecure-avoidant or conflict-inducing (Lopes & Pinto-Gouveia, 2012).…”

Paranoia predicts out-group prejudice: preliminary experimental data

“…Social psychology research has used games such as cyberball (Williams, Yeager, Cheung, & Choi, 2012) to induce feelings of exclusion, stress, negative cognitions about personal performance (Dutton & Brown, 1997) and negative cognitions about other players and out-groups (Schaafsma & Williams, 2012). Moreover, research has shown that induced failure in the lab is associated with depressive (Shah, O'Carrol, Rogers, Moffoot, & Ebmeier, 1999) and paranoid thoughts (Lopes & Pinto-Gouveia, 2012). Therefore, we expected this online game of checkers to induce stress in participants by artificially prompting their failure and poor performance compared to a competing Muslim player, and that this stressful experience would stimulate underlying negative cognitions about Muslims.…”

“…Indeed, research has shown that failure in competitive games can induce paranoia and associated cognitive biases. Players may attribute personal failure to the competing player, express hostility towards the player and experience negative cognitions (Lopes & Pinto-Gouveia, 2012).…”

“…The Perceptions about the Competing Player Questionnaire (Lopes & Pinto-Gouveia, 2012, 2013 explores two aspects: (1) how participants are feeling and what kind of thoughts they have concerning their game performance, e.g., if they thought they were competent or incompetent or if they were frustrated or happy; and (2) the thoughts and feelings that participants had about the competing Muslim player (i.e., positive or negative). This scale has been adapted from the scale Cognitive Perceptions and Emotional Responses (Dutton & Brown, 1997).…”

Experimental studies of paranoid thinking in clinical and nonclinical populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…and K.B.) independently grouped the studies based on methodological paradigm employed, resulting in 100% agreement for the following groupings: Cyberball ( k = 7; Westermann, Kesting, & Lincoln, 2012 ; Kesting, Bredenpohl, Klenke, Westermann, & Lincoln, 2013 ; Kaltsi, Bucci, & Morrison, 2018 ; Lincoln, Sundag, Schlier, & Karow, 2018 ; Sundag, Ascone, & Lincoln, 2018 ; Butler, Berry, Ellett, & Bucci, 2019 ; Hepper, Wildschut, Sedikides, Robertson, & Routledge, 2021 ), imagery ( k = 5; Bullock, Newman-Taylor, & Stopa, 2016 ; Bennetts, Stopa, & Newman-Taylor, 2020 ; Sood & Newman-Taylor, 2020 ; Sood, Carnelley, & Newman-Taylor, 2021 ; Newman-Taylor, Sood, Rowe, & Carnelley, 2021 ), attentional focus ( k = 6; Bodner & Mikulincer, 1998 ; Ellett & Chadwick, 2007 ; Prévost et al 2011 ; Kingston & Ellett, 2014 ; Flower, Newman-Taylor, & Stopa, 2015 ; Hutton, Ellett, & Berry, 2017 ), virtual reality ( k = 2; Veling, Counotte, Pot-Kolder, van Os, & van der Gaag, 2016 ; Soflau & David, 2019 ), videos ( k = 2; Lopes & Jaspal, 2015 ; Sellers, Wells, & Morrison, 2018 ), situational recall of a loneliness experience ( k = 1; Gollwitzer et al, 2018 ); manipulated questionnaire with feedback ( k = 1; Lamster, Nittel, Rief, Mehl, & Lincoln, 2017 ); exposure to anxiety pictures ( k = 1; Lincoln, Lange, Burau, Exner, & Moritz, 2010 ), stories ( k = 1; Boden & Berenbaum, 2007 ), cognitive coping strategy task ( k = 1; Martinelli, Cavanagh, & Dudley, 2013 ); exposure to urban environment ( k = 1; Ellett, Freeman, & Garety, 2008 ), goal induction ( k = 1 Marr, Thau, Aquino, & Barclay, 2012 ) and computer game ( k = 1; Lopes & Pinto-Gouveia, 2012 ).…”