How do readers handle incorrect information during reading?

Rapp, David N.

doi:10.3758/mc.36.3.688

Cited by 73 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…False sentences elicited larger N400s than true sentences, reflecting the early semantic processing costs associated with false sentences, even when no explicit verification is required (Nieuwland, 2013, in press;Nieuwland & Martin, 2012;Nieuwland & Kuperberg, 2008; for behavioral findings, see Isberner & Richter, 2014;Singer, 2013;Rapp, 2008). Crucially, "before" was associated with a reduced N400 truth value effect compared to "after," which resulted from false-before-sentences eliciting smaller N400s than false-after-sentences, whereas true-beforeand true-after-sentences elicited similarly reduced N400s.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Truth Before and After: Brain Potentials Reveal Automatic Activation of Event Knowledge during Sentence Comprehension

Nieuwland

2015

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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Abstract■ How does knowledge of real-world events shape our understanding of incoming language? Do temporal terms like "before" and "after" impact the online recruitment of real-world event knowledge? These questions were addressed in two ERP experiments, wherein participants read sentences that started with "before" or "after" and contained a critical word that rendered each sentence true or false (e.g., "Before/After the global economic crisis, securing a mortgage was easy/harder"). The critical words were matched on predictability, rated truth value, and semantic relatedness to the words in the sentence. Regardless of whether participants explicitly verified the sentences or not, false-aftersentences elicited larger N400s than true-after-sentences, consistent with the well-established finding that semantic retrieval of concepts is facilitated when they are consistent with real-world knowledge. However, although the truth judgments did not differ between before-and after-sentences, no such sentence N400 truth value effect occurred in before-sentences, whereas falsebefore-sentences elicited an enhanced subsequent positive ERPs. The temporal term "before" itself elicited more negative ERPs at central electrode channels than "after." These patterns of results show that, irrespective of ultimate sentence truth value judgments, semantic retrieval of concepts is momentarily facilitated when they are consistent with the known event outcome compared to when they are not. However, this inappropriate facilitation incurs later processing costs as reflected in the subsequent positive ERP deflections. The results suggest that automatic activation of event knowledge can impede the incremental semantic processes required to establish sentence truth value. ■

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Truth Before and After: Brain Potentials Reveal Automatic Activation of Event Knowledge during Sentence Comprehension

Nieuwland

2015

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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“…However, this protection seems to be limited in several ways. Failures of validation are numerous, for example, when readers apparently ignore inconsistencies in a text (e.g., Otero & Kintsch, 1992) or incorporate false information (Rapp, 2008;. One limitation is that only knowledge that is available and activated during comprehension by memory-based or strategic processes can be used for validation.…”

Section: Functions and Failures Of Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation and Comprehension of Text Information: Two Sides of the Same Coin

Richter

2015

Discourse Processes

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In psychological research, the comprehension of linguistic information and the knowledge-based assessment of its validity are often regarded as two separate stages of information processing. Recent findings in psycholinguistics and text comprehension research call this two-stage model into question. In particular, validation can affect comprehension outcomes, and the comprehension process involves a routine and early validation of the communicated information. These findings suggest that the comprehension and validation of information are more closely interwoven than traditionally assumed. Relationships of validation with integration and prediction and the broader implications of the concept for text comprehension research are discussed.

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“…Studies demonstrate that when people are exposed to information known to be factually incorrect, the fiction nevertheless interferes with their abilities to answer related knowledge questions (Gerrig & Prentice, 1991;Rapp, 2008). Similarly, a series of laboratory experiments have shown that viewers, after they were exposed to fictional narratives, confused fact with fiction (Levine, Serota, Shulman, 2010) and drew from fictional information when answering knowledge questions about the actual world (Marsh, Meade, & Roediger, 2003;A.…”

Section: Fictional Media and Real World Beliefsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Implications of Fictional Media for Political Beliefs

Mulligan

Habel

2012

American Politics Research

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Most research on media effects in political science deals with the news media or political campaigns. While some recent work looks at the effects of soft news on beliefs and opinions, little attention has been paid to the potential consequences of media that are fictional. Although viewers typically watch fiction for entertainment, the themes, plots, and dialogue may nevertheless influence their thoughts about politics. This paper examines the effects of fiction on political beliefs. We do this in the context of an experimental design, where subjects in the treatment group watched the outlandish movie, Wag the Dog. The results show that those who watched the film were more likely to believe in a far-fetched conspiracy, namely that the U.S. government has and will fabricate a war for political gain. The findings stretch the boundaries of fictional influence by focusing on extreme, conspiratorial beliefs. We suggest that political science and communications scholars should focus greater attention on the implications of fiction for beliefs and attitudes, as the consequences can be perverse.

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How do readers handle incorrect information during reading?

Cited by 73 publications

References 68 publications

The Truth Before and After: Brain Potentials Reveal Automatic Activation of Event Knowledge during Sentence Comprehension

The Truth Before and After: Brain Potentials Reveal Automatic Activation of Event Knowledge during Sentence Comprehension

Validation and Comprehension of Text Information: Two Sides of the Same Coin

The Implications of Fictional Media for Political Beliefs

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