except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) v Humanity has entered the Anthropocene. If ever there was a time when we could take nature's benefi cence for granted, it has passed. With seven billion people on the planet, and the eight-billionth arrival expected by 2025, human pressures on every ecosystem have multiplied, in some cases to the breaking point. The famine in the Horn of Africa reminds us that productive and resilient ecosystems are important not only for human well-being but also for human survival, especially in the dire circumstances of impoverished populations.The urgent need to sustain ecosystems in the face of climate change, growing human populations, and rising demands for a multitude of primary commodities and agricultural outputs is giving rise to a burgeoning new discipline of sustainable development. More than ever, we need to understand how society depends on a range of complex and subtle ecosystem functions, and conversely, how ecosystem functions are impacted by human activities. The intellectual challenge is enormous. Both ecosystems and human systems are immensely complex. Their interactions add further dimensions of complexity. And understanding natural and human systems requires a range of analytical tools that surpass traditional academics' disciplinary boundaries.The present volumes, Integrating Ecology and Poverty Reduction , are a powerful and innovative addition to this vital fi eld of research. These volumes are also a personal thrill for me, since their genesis is the multidisciplinary setting of the Earth Institute at Columbia University. I am most grateful to our former Earth Institute postdocs who conceived and carried out these studies. They and the contributors to these volumes have earned our admiration and gratitude.Every chapter in these volumes shows that the emerging scientifi c discipline of sustainable development is both vital and diffi cult. This is especially the case when it is viewed as an applied science that aims to fi nd practical solutions in specifi c human-ecological contexts. It is one thing to recognize that ecosystem functions are vital to a society's health and economic productivity (as explored in the fi rst volume, Integrating Ecology and Poverty Reduction: Ecological Dimensions ), and quite another to devise institutions and policies that protect ecosystems in the face of climate change, growing populations, and rising economic pressures (as explored Foreword vi in the second volume, Integra...