How Do Trichoderma Genus Fungi Win a Nutritional Competition Battle against Soft Fruit Pathogens? A Report on Niche Overlap Nutritional Potentiates

Abstract

We present a case study report into nutritional competition between Trichoderma spp. isolated from wild raspberries and fungal phytopathogenic isolates (Colletotrichum sp., Botrytis sp., Verticillium sp. and Phytophthora sp.), which infect soft fruit ecological plantations. The competition was evaluated on the basis of nutritional potentiates. Namely, these were consumption and growth, calculated on the basis of substrate utilization located on Biolog® Filamentous Fungi (FF) plates. The niche size, total niche overlap and Trichoderma spp. competitiveness indices along with the occurrence of a stressful metabolic situation towards substrates highlighted the unfolding step-by-step approach. Therefore, the Trichoderma spp. and pathogen niche characteristics were provided. As a result, the substrates in the presence of which Trichoderma spp. nutritionally outcompete pathogens were denoted. These were adonitol, D-arabitol, i-erythritol, glycerol, D-mannitol and D-sorbitol. These substrates may serve as additives in biopreparations of Trichoderma spp. dedicated to plantations contaminated by phytopathogens of the genera Colletotrichum sp., Botrytis sp., Verticillium sp. and Phytophthora sp.

Searching for New Beneficial Bacterial Isolates of Wild Raspberries for Biocontrol of Phytopathogens-Antagonistic Properties and Functional Characterization

“…Since developing a formulation of microorganisms for a biopreparation requires the step for satisfactory biomass production, this study includes a preliminary selection of media ingredients that may trigger biomass production with simultaneous relatively low level of metabolic reactivity. The metabolic response should not be very significant since this means that a rather stressful situation is in progress, as was explained in detail in recent years [ 17 ].…”

“…Metabolic abilities of selected phytopathogens were performed on the FF MicroPlate (Biolog ® , Hayward, CA, USA) containing 95 different carbon sources in the wells. Inoculation was performed according to the manufacturer’s protocol with modifications described by Oszust et al [ 17 ]. After the homogenization of the mycelium suspension in inoculating fluid (FF-IF, Biolog ® , Hayward, CA, USA), the transmittance was adjusted to 75% using a turbidimeter (Biolog ® , Hayward, CA, USA).…”

“…Nevertheless, the level of isolates survival and activity properties may be raised and influenced by different soil pH values or salinity levels in different ecological niches which they inhabit [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. The very first and preliminary research suggesting prebiotic’ additives for the future application into microbial-based biopreparations was published [ 17 ].…”

Control biológico de la pudrición de mazorca en genotipos de maíz con especies de Trichoderma

“…Trichoderma species are commonly the most applied fungi as biological control agents in agriculture (Diánez et al, 2016), the ability of Trichoderma to control plant diseases is based on the activation of one or multiple control mechanisms (Muhammad et al, 2019), these mechanisms are based by mycoparasitism (Elamathi et al, 2018), production of antibiotics and hydrolytic enzymes (Vinale et al, 2008), competition for space and nutrients (Oszust et al, 2020), the induction of systemic resistance in the plant (Contreras-Cornejo et al, 2014), and the production of secondary metabolites (Zeilinger et al, 2016). Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of three Trichoderma strains for the control of ear rot in four corn genotypes.…”

“…Trichoderma son comúnmente los hongos más aplicados como agentes de control biológico en la agricultura (Diánez et al, 2016), la habilidad de Trichoderma para controlar enfermedades de plantas está basada en la activación de uno o múltiples mecanismos de control (Muhammad et al, 2019), éstos mecanismos se basan en el micoparasitismo (Elamathi et al, 2018), producción de antibióticos y de enzimas hidrolíticas (Vinale et al, 2008), la competencia por el espacio y los nutrientes (Oszust et al, 2020), inducción de resistencia sistémica en la planta (Contreras-Cornejo et al, 2014), y la producción de metabolitos secundarios (Zeilinger et al, 2016). Por tal motivo el objetivo de éste trabajo fue evaluar la efectividad de tres cepas de Trichoderma para el control de pudrición de mazorca en cuatro genotipos de maíz.…”