How Does Endotoxin Trigger Inflammation in Otitis Media With Effusion?

Schousboe, Lars Peter; Ovesen, Therese; Eckhardt, Lars; Rasmussen, Lars Melholt; Pedersen, C.

doi:10.1097/00005537-200102000-00020

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Schousboe et al [18] and Yellon et al [3] observed it in lower percentage of effusions (58%). A mean level of IL-1b obtained in our group was similar to the one presented in other papers [2,7,19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines in the middle ear effusions

Skotnicka

Hassmann

2008

International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines in the middle ear effusions

Skotnicka

Hassmann

2008

International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology

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“…Studies of middle ear secretions in children with positive bacterial findings have shown that the primary cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β are released in the middle ear in infected ears correlated to the findings of pathogens [36]. Also, the presence of IL-8 has been studied in this way with similar results [37].…”

Section: Immunobiologic Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 83%

The use of probiotics in head and neck infections

Roos

Holm²

2002

Curr Infect Dis Rep

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Recurrent episodes of infections in the upper respiratory tract are very common. The pathogenesis behind these recurrences is still not well understood, but much attention has been paid to the adherence of the microorganisms to epithelial structures and to the protective function of the normal bacterial flora (bacterial interference). Thus, in vitro as well as in vivo studies have shown that both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria of the normal flora in the upper respiratory tract can hinder the growth of pathogens and the establishment of a renewed infection. Studies have shown that lack of interfering bacteria facilitates recurrence of these diseases. Recolonization with interfering alpha-streptococci has been performed successfully in acute streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis, as well as in acute otitis media. The number of recurrences has significantly been lowered in these diseases after recolonization with alpha-streptococci, which is the dominating normal bacteria in the upper respiratory tract. Several mechanisms have been proposed to be responsible for this interaction, such as competition of the adhering sites at the epithelial cells, production of hydrogen peroxide, competition for nutritients, and production of specific growth inhibiting factors such as bacteriocins. Other human components like lactoferrin are also important in the defense against microorganisms, and are important parts of the unspecific and specific immune system.

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“…Previous reports [23][24][25][26][27] have demonstrated that persistence of effusion in the middle ear cavity not only obstructs the eustachian tube, but also can induce local immune responses. Bacterial metabolites including peptideglycan-polysaccharide (PG-PS) and endotoxin have been shown to induce local production of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a and interleukin (IL)-1b [24,25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bacterial metabolites including peptideglycan-polysaccharide (PG-PS) and endotoxin have been shown to induce local production of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a and interleukin (IL)-1b [24,25]. These cytokines induce neutrophil infiltration, increased capillary permeability, and promote development of subepithelial edema in the middle ear, which leads to middle ear effusion [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%