“…In the last decade, several multi-regional input-output models (MRIO) have been developed in parallel, which depict the myriad interlinkages in the world-economy and enable attributing resource use and emissions in production along international supply chains to (household) consumption (Malik et al, 2018; Wiedmann and Lenzen, 2018). These models have been applied to a range of issues, for example to household consumption and energy footprints (Jalas and Juntunen, 2015; Min and Rao, 2017; Wiedenhofer et al, 2013), carbon emissions (Fremstad et al, 2018; Gill and Moeller, 2018; Ivanova et al, 2017; Moran et al, 2018; Ottelin et al, 2018; Shigetomi et al, 2014; Wiedenhofer et al, 2017) and various other environmental issues (Kerkhof et al, 2009; López et al, 2017; Shigetomi et al, 2014). In this approach, energy use and emissions along the entire supply chain are usually understood to be ‘indirect’ or ‘upstream’, because they occur during the production process before the household actually consumes the specific goods and services and often account for about half of the total consumption footprint, making their inclusion highly relevant.…”