“…We focus on studies examining children's learning of, rather than knowledge of, these lexical forms (see also dynamic vs. crystallized knowledge; Share, 2008a). We do so because of repeated concerns about lexical level measures of orthographic knowledge (e.g., turtle‐tertle ) measuring word reading itself, reinforced by findings that these outcomes load onto a single factor (Deacon, Pasquarella, et al, 2019; MacKay et al, 2022). Turning to the learning component, some studies now show that orthographic learning, when directly assessed, does predict gains in reading acquisition.…”