How Does Perceived Support Lead to Better Performance? An Examination of Potential Mechanisms

Freeman, Paul B.; Rees, Tim

doi:10.1080/10413200903222913

Cited by 69 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The dimensions may also operate through different mechanisms. Freeman and Rees (2009) found that perceived esteem support was most associated with performance outcome, and that it operated through challenge, threat, and situational control appraisals. The other three dimensions of support were not associated with performance or appraisal variables.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In sport, perceived available support has been associated with bene cial effects on self-con dence (Rees & Freeman, 2007), processes underpinning performance (Rees, Ingledew, & Hardy, 1999), performance outcome (Freeman & Rees, 2009), and vulnerability to injury (Smith, Smoll, & Ptacek, 1990). A number of the perceived available support measures used in sport psychology research were originally developed to assess support in general social psychology.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The PASS-Q: The Perceived Available Support in Sport Questionnaire

Freeman

Coffee

Rees

2011

Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

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This article provides initial evidence for the construct validity of the Perceived Available Support in Sport Questionnaire (PASS-Q), which assesses emotional, esteem, informational, and tangible support. In Study 1, confirmatory factor analyses provided evidence for a four-dimension factor structure. Correlations supported hypothesized relationships between the PASS-Q dimensions and the Social Support Survey questions (Richman, Rosenfeld, & Hardy, 1993). In Study 2, the four-dimension factor structure was supported in an independent sample. Further, higher levels of perceived available emotional, esteem, informational, and tangible support were associated with higher levels of self-confidence and lower levels of burnout. Researchers are encouraged to use the PASS-Q to examine the effects of perceived available support in sport contexts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The PASS-Q: The Perceived Available Support in Sport Questionnaire

Freeman

Coffee

Rees

2011

Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

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“…Taking into account the fact that other authors indicate the existence of a relationship between appraising as a challenge and greater faith in the ability to act, increased feeling of having control over a situation or increased motivation to work hard (Gan & Anshel, 2006) as well as better sport results (Freeman & Rees, 2009), the obtained results suggest that sportspeople reveal a good attitude towards competitions. They agree with the results obtained by Nicholls and associates (Nicholls, Polman, & Levy, 2012) concerning a group of 557 sportspeople (also presenting diverse sport levels with the majority of team sports) where significant majority appraised stress in terms of a challenge rather than a threat.…”

Section: Resiliency and The Experience Of Stress By The Athletesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the situation is perceived as a challenge, the sportsperson may develop the faith in the ability to volume 4(1), 6 take action, the feeling of controlling the situation, motivation to work hard, to be well prepared for a competition against a strong rival (Gan & Anshel, 2006). In a study on 118 golf players, Freeman and Rees (2009) acknowledged that the appraisal in terms of a challenge was related to better performance, whereas perceiving a situation as a threat was associated with weaker performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resiliency against stress among athletes

Litwic-Kamińska¹,

Izdebski²

2015

Health Psychology Report

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The aim of this paper is to describe the results of a study concerning the relationship between resiliency and appraisal of a stressful situation, anxiety reactions and undertaken methods of coping among sportsmen. participants and procedureThe research concerned 192 competitors who actively train in one of the Olympic disciplines -individual or team. We used the following instruments: Resiliency Assessment Scale (SPP-25); Stress Appraisal Questionnaire A/B; Reactions to Competition Questionnaire; Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS); Sport Stress Coping Strategies Questionnaire (SR3S, self-constructed). resultsAthletes most frequently apply positive types of stress appraisal, and they cope with stress through a task-oriented style during competitions. There is a relationship between the level of resiliency and the analysed aspects of the process of stress. The higher the resiliency, the more positive is the appraisal of a stressful situation and the more task-oriented are the strategies applied. Similarly, in everyday situations resilient sportspeople positively appraise difficult situations and undertake mostly task-oriented strategies. Resiliency is connected with less frequently experiencing reactions in the form of anxiety. conclusionsThe obtained results, similarly to previous research, suggest that resiliency is connected with experiencing positive emotions. It causes more frequent appraisal of stressful situations as a challenge. More resilient people also choose more effective and situation-appropriate coping strategies. Therefore they are more resistant to stress.

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“…Much of this research has been informed by the work of Lazarus and colleagues [95,96], in which the experience of stress is generally understood to be structured by both primary appraisal (a sense that stressors in the environment are in some way threatening to the self and to well-being) and secondary appraisal (a sense of the extent to which social support is available to help deal with that strain) [97][98][99].…”

Section: Social Identity Is the Basis For Sports Group Support And Stmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Social Identity Approach to Sport Psychology: Principles, Practice, and Prospects

et al. 2015

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Drawing on social identity theory and self-categorization theory, we outline an approach to sport psychology that understands groups not simply as features of sporting contexts but rather as elements that can be, and often are, incorporated into a person's sense of self and, through this, become powerful determinants of their sport-related behavior. The underpinnings of this social identity approach are outlined, and four key lessons for sport that are indicative of the analytical and practical power of the approach are presented. These suggest that social identity is the basis for sports group (1) behavior, (2) formation and development, (3) support and stress appraisal, and (4) leadership. Building on recent developments within sport science, we outline an agenda for future research by identifying a range of topics to which the social identity approach could fruitfully contribute. Key Points• We outline a social identity approach to sport psychology based upon social identity and self-categorization theories.• We argue that this approach has the potential to make a significant, unique, and powerful contribution to the analysis of an array of phenomena and behaviors that are at the heart of sport and sport psychology.• In particular, the approach offers a comprehensive analysis of the ways in which individual psychology both structures, and is structured by, the dynamics of group life; this involves seeing groups not simply as features of sporting contexts but rather as elements that can be, and often are, incorporated into a person's sense of self and, through this, become powerful determinants of their sport-related behavior.

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How Does Perceived Support Lead to Better Performance? An Examination of Potential Mechanisms

Cited by 69 publications

References 35 publications

The PASS-Q: The Perceived Available Support in Sport Questionnaire

The PASS-Q: The Perceived Available Support in Sport Questionnaire

Resiliency against stress among athletes

A Social Identity Approach to Sport Psychology: Principles, Practice, and Prospects

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