How does the business cycle affect eating habits?

Dave, Dhaval; Kelly, Inas Rashad

doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.10.005

Cited by 96 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…For example, Chung and colleagues reported that retirement is associated with an average net gain of 0.24 BMI points, though the effect of ageing overshadowed the effect of retirement. 6 In contrast, another study reported no association between retirement and BMI among men; in women, however, increased BMI was observed. 5 Another Korean study observed that among those 65 and older, the OR of obesity in the unemployed compared with those employed full time was 1.451 and 1.399 for men and women, respectively, a significant effect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…33 The effect of retirement on obesity has been on debate also. [5][6][7][8][9][10] The calorie expenditure of jobs, food away from home and the psychological effect of retirement were all assumed to be factors that could affect an individual's obesity status. For example, retirement could increase BMI because not working could decrease physical activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unemployment leads to decreased consumption of fruits and vegetables, and increased consumption of unhealthy foods such as snacks and fast food. 6 Therefore, unemployment might lead to behavioural changes that affect either physical activity, food intake or both, subsequently resulting in weight gain or weight loss.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age and gender differential relationship between employment status and body mass index among middle-aged and elderly adults: a cross-sectional study

et al. 2016

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ObjectiveTo determine the influence of age and gender, respectively, on the association between employment status and body mass index (BMI) in Korean adults using a large, nationally representative sample.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingSouth Korea.Participants7228 from fourth wave of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA), the survey's short form and year: ‘KLoSA 2012’.Main outcome measuresBMI.ResultsBMI among the employed was higher than among the unemployed for those under 60. In terms of gender, employed men reported higher BMI than their unemployed counterparts, whereas employed women reported lower BMI than did unemployed women.ConclusionsEmployment status showed varying impacts on obesity by age and gender. Both unemployment at or after 60, as well as unemployment among women, is associated with increased BMI compared with unemployment among younger individuals or men, respectively.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age and gender differential relationship between employment status and body mass index among middle-aged and elderly adults: a cross-sectional study

et al. 2016

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“…The literature suggests several possible mechanisms through which changes in aggregate-level economic conditions could increase overweight/obesity risk. Constricting economic resources can render healthful foods unaffordable, leading to increased household consumption of cheaper, energy-dense foods13 15–18 and decreased consumption of fruits and vegetables,17 leading to an overconsumption of energy 38. In times of economic crisis, consumers tend to trade down to lower priced foods, which for many households includes fast or take-away foods as demonstrated by stable share prices of fast food during the recession 39.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of changing economic conditions on overweight risk among children in California from 2008 to 2012

Oddo

Nicholas

Bleich

et al. 2016

J Epidemiol Community Health

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Background The recent economic recession represents an opportunity to test whether decreases in economic resources may have deleterious consequences on childhood overweight/obesity risk. Methods We investigated the association between indicators of changing macroeconomic conditions from 2008–2012 and overweight/obesity risk among school-aged children in California (n=1,741,712) using longitudinal anthropometric measurements. Multivariate regression, with individual and county fixed-effects, was used to examine the effects of annual county-level unemployment and foreclosure rates on risk of child overweight/obesity, overall and among sub-groups (race/ethnicity, sex, county-level median household income, county-level urban/rural status). Results From 2008 to 2012, approximately 38% of children were overweight/obese and unemployment and foreclosure rates averaged 11% and 6.9%, respectively. A 1-percentage point (pp) increase in unemployment was associated with a 1.4 pp (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.3, 1.5) increase in overweight/obesity risk. Therefore, a child of average weight could expect a 14% increase in BMI z-score in association with a 1 pp increase in unemployment during the study period. We found some differences in the magnitude of the effects for unemployment among demographic subgroups, with the largest effects observed for unemployment among American Indians and Pacific Islanders. Conclusion Comparing children to themselves over time, we provide evidence that increases in county-level unemployment are associated with increased overweight/obesity risk. Given that overweight among children with lower economic resources remains a challenge for public health, these findings highlight the importance of policy-level approaches which aim to mitigate the impact of decreased resources as economic conditions change.

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“…Economic downturns have been associated with a decline in alcohol-related deaths,6 traffic deaths7–10 alcohol consumption6 11 12 and obesity,13 as well as increased physical activity 13. On the other hand, a counter-cyclical relationship (ie, hard times result in deteriorating health) has been observed for other outcomes, including increased suicide rates,14–16 worsening mental health conditions17 and increased consumption of unhealthy food 18…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the economic crisis on smoking prevalence and number of smokers in the USA

2013

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Objective: Scanty and controversial information is available on the impact of macroeconomic fluctuations on smoking behaviour. No study has quantified the effects of fiscal crises on smoking prevalence. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the 2007–2008 economic crisis on smoking prevalence and number of smokers in the USA. Methods: Using data from the repeated Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) surveys in precrisis (2005–2007) and post-crisis (2009–2010) periods on a total of 1 981 607 US adults, we separated the expected (after allowance for the demographic growth of the US population, secular smoking prevalence trends and changes in sociodemographic characteristics) from the unexpected (assumed attributable to the economic crisis) changes in the number of smokers across different employment statuses. Results: Joinpoint regression analysis revealed no significant changes in smoking prevalence trends over the period 2005–2010. The crisis resulted in an increase in the number of smokers in the US by 0.6 million. This is largely due to an unexpected decrease of 1.7 million smokers among employed and an increase of 2.4 million smokers among unemployed individuals, whose smoking prevalence also remains extremely high in the post-crisis period (32.6%). Conclusions: The 2008 financial crisis had a weak effect on smoking prevalence. The pro-cyclical relationship (ie, the crisis results in a lower number of smokers) found among the employed is offset by the counter-cyclical relationship (ie, the crisis results in a higher number of smokers) found among unemployed individuals. Public health interventions should specifically target those in unemployment, particularly in hard times

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How does the business cycle affect eating habits?

Cited by 96 publications

References 16 publications

Age and gender differential relationship between employment status and body mass index among middle-aged and elderly adults: a cross-sectional study

Age and gender differential relationship between employment status and body mass index among middle-aged and elderly adults: a cross-sectional study

The impact of changing economic conditions on overweight risk among children in California from 2008 to 2012

Effects of the economic crisis on smoking prevalence and number of smokers in the USA

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