How elements up to 118 were reached and how to go beyond

Abstract

Abstract. The new superheavy elements with Z=113, 115, 117, and 118 were recently accepted into the periodic table and have been named. Elements with Z≥112 are predominantly produced in 48 Ca-induced fusion reactions on actinide targets. This pathway is exhausted at Z=118 due to the lack of target materials with sufficiently high proton number to reach elements with Z≥119. Search experiments for yet heavier elements were performed at GSI Darmstadt and FLNR Dubna. Cf, leading to Z=120, have been studied. Despite a total duration of these experiments of more than one year, neither succeeded in the identification of a new element.

Hot fusion reactions with deformed nuclei for synthesis of superheavy nuclei: An extension of the fusion-by-diffusion model

“…To this end, I introduce the orientation dependence to the injection point. Notice that hot fusion reactions have been, or will be, employed in order to synthesize elements beyond Og, that is, the elements 119 and 120 [40]. The extension discussed in this paper will increase the reliability of the fusion-by-diffusion model and will provide a good guidance for future experiments.…”

Colloquium : Superheavy elements: Oganesson and beyond

“…There is an exciting world beyond oganesson; major expansions of the nuclear chart and periodic table are on the horizon. In the short term, the search for the new elements Z = 119 and 120 will be carried out in several laboratories (Düllmann, 2016(Düllmann, , 2017aHeßberger and Ackermann, 2017;Hofmann et al, 2016;Roberto and Rykaczewski, 2018). The reactions considered involve beams of 44 Ca, 50 Ti, 51 V, 54 Cr, 58 Fe, and 64 Ni (Adamian et al, 2018;Düllmann, 2016;Hofmann, 2015;Hofmann et al, 2016;Li et al, 2018;Liu and Bao, 2013;Nasirov et al, 2011;Wang et al, 2012;Zagrebaev and Greiner, 2015;Zhu et al, 2014), and actinide targets (Roberto et al, 2015;Roberto and Rykaczewski, 2018).…”

Time-dependent Hartree-Fock plus Langevin approach for hot fusion reactions to synthesize the Z=120 superheavy element

“…For this reason, the hot fusion reactions are regarded as a promising means to go beyond the known heaviest element, oganesson (Z = 118), and synthesize new superheavy elements.To synthesize the new elements, Z = 119 and 120, with hot fusion reactions utilizing the 48 Ca projectile as in the previous successful measurements, use of Es (Z = 99) and Fm (Z = 100) targets is mandatory. However, due to the short half-lives of these elements, they would not be available with sufficient amounts for fusion experiments [11]. It is therefore inevitable to use heavier projectile nuclei, such as 50 Ti, 51 V, and 54 Cr, instead of 48 Ca.…”