How Emotion Shapes Behavior: Feedback, Anticipation, and Reflection, Rather Than Direct Causation

Baumeister, Roy F.; Vohs, Kathleen D.; DeWall, C. Nathan; Zhang, Liqing

doi:10.1177/1088868307301033

Cited by 1,361 publications

(1,198 citation statements)

References 206 publications

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“…Emotional factors include desires, aspirations, fears, and worries that may directly motivate action or serve as a powerful lens through which advantages and disadvantages of alternative actions may be considered. 18 Environmental factors include socioeconomic factors, health system factors, and physical factors, that may facilitate or constrain an individual's behavior. We hypothesized that environmental factors may affect internal cognitive and emotional processes, and also may impact the ability of an individual to successfully carry out behavior change.…”

Section: Conceptual Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Barriers Influencing Linkage to Hypertension Care in Kenya: Qualitative Analysis from the LARK Hypertension Study

et al. 2016

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BACKGROUND: Hypertension, the leading global risk factor for mortality, is characterized by low treatment and control rates in low-and middle-income countries. Poor linkage to hypertension care contributes to poor outcomes for patients. However, specific factors influencing linkage to hypertension care are not well known. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate factors influencing linkage to hypertension care in rural western Kenya. DESIGN: Qualitative research study using a modified Health Belief Model that incorporates the impact of emotional and environmental factors on behavior. PARTICIPANTS: Mabaraza (traditional community assembly) participants (n=242) responded to an open invitation to residents in their respective communities. Focus groups, formed by purposive sampling, consisted of hypertensive individuals, at-large community members, and community health workers (n=169). APPROACH: We performed content analysis of the transcripts with NVivo 10 software, using both deductive and inductive codes. We used a two-round Delphi method to rank the barriers identified in the content analysis. We selected factors using triangulation of frequency of codes and themes from the transcripts, in addition to the results of the Delphi exercise. Sociodemographic characteristics of participants were summarized using descriptive statistics. KEY RESULTS: We identified 27 barriers to linkage to hypertension care, grouped into individual (cognitive and emotional) and environmental factors. Cognitive factors included the asymptomatic nature of hypertension and limited information. Emotional factors included fear of being a burden to the family and fear of being screened for stigmatized diseases such as HIV. Environmental factors were divided into physical (e.g. distance), socioeconomic (e.g. poverty), and health system factors (e.g. popularity of alternative therapies). The Delphi results were generally consistent with the findings from the content analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Individual and environmental factors are barriers to linkage to hypertension care in rural western Kenya. Our analysis provides new insights and methodological approaches that may be relevant to other lowresource settings worldwide. INTRODUCTIONCardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, with 80 % of cardiovascular deaths occurring in lowand middle-income countries (LMICs). 1 Hypertension, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, 2 is the leading global risk for mortality. 3 Over the next decade, the global cost of suboptimal blood pressure may approach $1 trillion. 4 Unless it is adequately controlled, hypertension will continue to be responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. 5 In many LMICs, however, the rates of hypertension treatment and control are low. 6 In Kenya, hypertension treatment and control rates have been reported at 9 % and 3 %, respectively. 7 Poor linkage to hypertension care, manifested as delays in seeking care after screening and referral, has been shown to be associated with increased mortality among pre...

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Section: Conceptual Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Barriers Influencing Linkage to Hypertension Care in Kenya: Qualitative Analysis from the LARK Hypertension Study

et al. 2016

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“…There is much more evidence that emotions influence cognitions than that emotions influence behavior (Schwarz & Clore, 2007). Some ostensible evidence of emotion causing behavior is actually confounded, as shown by further studies with additional controls (for a review, see Baumeister et al, 2007). For example, Bushman, Baumeister, and Phillips (2001) found that anger did not directly cause aggression unless people anticipated that aggressing would make them feel better.…”

Section: Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We agree that the impulse originates in the automatic system. The role of conscious thought is to reshape (Baumeister, Vohs, DeWall, & Zhang, 2007) and reprogram (Gollwitzer, 1999) those automatic responses through input from culture, as well as to simulate the event mentally before doing it-perhaps also discussing it with real or imagined other people. All this is done to ascertain whether acting out the impulse would be a good idea (to use the common and revealing phrase!…”

Section: Conscious Thought Plays a Supporting Rolementioning

confidence: 99%

Conscious thought is for facilitating social and cultural interactions: How mental simulations serve the animal–culture interface.

Baumeister¹,

Masicampo²

2010

Psychological Review

Self Cite

248

210

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Five empirically based critiques have undermined the standard assumption that conscious thought is primarily for input (obtaining information from the natural environment) or output (the direct control of action). Instead, we propose that conscious thought is for internal processing, to facilitate downstream interaction with the social and cultural environment. Human consciousness enables the construction of meaningful, sequential thought, as in sentences and narratives, logical reasoning, counting and quantification, causal understanding, narratives, and the simulation of events (including nonpresent ones). Conscious thought sequences resemble short films that the brain makes for itself, thereby enabling different parts of brain and mind to share information. The production of conscious thoughts is closely linked to the production of speech because the human mind evolved to facilitate social communication and information sharing, as culture became humankind's biological strategy. The influence of conscious thought on behavior can be vitally helpful but is mostly indirect. Conscious simulation processes are useful for understanding the perspectives of social interaction partners, for exploring options in complex decisions, for replaying past events (both literally and counterfactually) so as to learn, and for facilitating participation in culture in other ways.

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“…Roughly speaking, an abstract description of emotions normally consists of a type of processing that analyses a stimulus, and then, through an evaluative process, it signals other mechanisms that control actions and plans (Damasio 2000;Baumeister et al 2007). Emotions are processes that detect opportunities and threats, and the existence or not of a solution, but they barely answer to what the system should do in a given interaction.…”

Section: Aesthetic Emotional Values In Sense-makingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aesthetics as an Emotional Activity That Facilitates Sense-Making: Towards an Enactive Approach to Aesthetic Experience

Xenakis

Arnellos²

2014

Contributions to Phenomenology

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Nowadays, aesthetics are generally considered as a crucial aspect that affects the way we confront things, events, and states of affairs. However, the functional role of aesthetics in the interaction between agent and environment has not been addressed effectively. Our objective here is to provide an explanation concerning the role of aesthetics, and especially, of the aesthetic experience as a fundamental bodily and emotional activity in the respective interactions. An explanation of the functional role of the aesthetic experience could offer new orientations to our understanding of embodied cognition and of aesthetics as a fundamental part of it. We argue that aesthetic experience, especially its emotional dimension, is an evaluative process that influences the anticipation for stable and successful interactions with the environment. In other words, aesthetics facilitates sense-making as they affect what might be anticipated by an action tendency with respect to an environment. On the nature of aesthetic experienceThe conception of the 'aesthetic' has always been attracting thinkers from philosophy, psychology and more recently from neurobiology. From the ancient ages of Plato and Aristotle to the present, the understanding of the 'aesthetic' remains an ambitious and complex task within a more general attempt to analyze human behavior. In philosophical writings, which are the most influential in the study of the 'aesthetic', aesthetic experience has too many and mostly contradictory meanings concerning the processes that are related to perception and to evaluation of objects. Although aestheticians accept that the 'aesthetic' is connected to emotional phenomena, the role and the content of such experiences seem confusing even in contemporary writings. As Levinson (1997) argues, the variety of those approaches suggests that there is indeed something puzzling about aesthetic emotions. For those following the Kantian tradition, aesthetic emotions have traditionally been characterized by disinterestedness and purposelessness. The 'aesthetic' is appre-

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How Emotion Shapes Behavior: Feedback, Anticipation, and Reflection, Rather Than Direct Causation

Cited by 1,361 publications

References 206 publications

Barriers Influencing Linkage to Hypertension Care in Kenya: Qualitative Analysis from the LARK Hypertension Study

Barriers Influencing Linkage to Hypertension Care in Kenya: Qualitative Analysis from the LARK Hypertension Study

Conscious thought is for facilitating social and cultural interactions: How mental simulations serve the animal–culture interface.

Aesthetics as an Emotional Activity That Facilitates Sense-Making: Towards an Enactive Approach to Aesthetic Experience

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