How ephedrine escaped regulation in the United States: A historical review of misuse and associated policy

Palamar, Joseph J.

doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.07.007

Cited by 44 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Therefore, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the USA issued a final rule prohibiting dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids in 2004 [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid on-site detection of ephedrine and its analogues used as adulterants in slimming dietary supplements by TLC-SERS

Cao

Lou

et al. 2014

Anal Bioanal Chem

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Ephedrine and its analogues are in the list of prohibited substance in adulteration to botanical dietary supplements (BDS) for their uncontrollable stimulating side effects. However, they were always adulterated illegally in BDS to promote losing weight. In order to avoid detection, various kinds of ephedrine analogues were added rather than ephedrine itself. This has brought about great difficulties in authentication of BDS. In this study, we put forward for the first time a method which combined thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) to directly identify trace adulterant. Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, methylephedrine, and norephedrine were mixed and used in this method to develop an analytical model. As a result, the four analogues were separated efficiently in TLC analysis, and trace-components and low-background SERS detection was realized. The limit of detection (LOD) of the four analogues was 0.01 mg/mL. Eight common Raman peaks (△υ = 620, 1003, 1030, 1159, 1181, 1205, 1454, 1603 cm(-1)) were extracted experimentally and statistically to characterize the common feature of ephedrine analogues. A TLC-SERS method coupled with common-peak model was adopted to examine nine practical samples, two of which were found to be adulterated with ephedrine analogues. Identification results were then confirmed by UPLC-QTOF/MS analysis. The proposed method was simple, rapid, and accurate and can also be employed to trace adulterant identification even when there are no available reference derivatives on-site or unknown types of ephedrine analogues are adulterated.

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“…Therefore, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the USA issued a final rule prohibiting dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids in 2004 [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid on-site detection of ephedrine and its analogues used as adulterants in slimming dietary supplements by TLC-SERS

Cao

Lou

et al. 2014

Anal Bioanal Chem

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“…[65] Sympathomimetic amines: ephedrine and phenylpropanolamine Ephedra ('ma huang') is a herbal source of ephedrine, a natural sympathomimetic amine mainly used as a stimulant, appetite suppressant and decongestant (Table 11). [66] Even though primidone is efficacious in the treatment of numerous ailments, it is a potentially harmful stimulant. [66] Phenylpropanolamine (norephedrine or pseudoephedrine; PPA) is a synthetic sympathomimetic amine that is mainly used as a decongestant and anorectic agent (Table 11).…”

Section: Chemicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[66] Even though primidone is efficacious in the treatment of numerous ailments, it is a potentially harmful stimulant. [66] Phenylpropanolamine (norephedrine or pseudoephedrine; PPA) is a synthetic sympathomimetic amine that is mainly used as a decongestant and anorectic agent (Table 11). [67] Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are other amphetamine-type stimulant derivatives.…”

Section: Chemicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neuropsychiatric pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in wastewater treatment plants: a review

Asimakopoulos

Kannan

2016

Environ. Chem.

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Environmental context. Neuropsychiatric pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in wastewaters are of increasing environmental concern. We compile the recent literature and evaluate the concentrations and profiles of various drugs and their removal efficiencies in wastewater treatment plants. The sewage epidemiology approach, used in the estimation of drug usage in communities, is discussed, and we make recommendations for future research in this area.Abstract. Neuropsychiatric pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs encompass a broad range of compounds including opioids, amphetamine-type stimulants, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, antipsychotics, anaesthetics, anti-epileptics and mood stabilisers, lysergic compounds, sympathomimetic amines and cocaine derivatives. In this article, we review studies on the occurrence and fate of these drugs in wastewater treatment plants. In general, among various drugs studied, the concentrations and detection frequencies of opioids and cocaine derivatives were the highest in wastewaters. The forensic analysis of wastewaters suggests that cocaine and opioids usage has increased. Given the fact that data on drug usage can be used for making regulatory decisions and policies, this review focuses on understanding the sources and environmental dynamics of neuropsychiatric and illicit drugs. There is a pressing need for more research on the magnitude and extent of illicit drug consumption. The 'sewage epidemiology' approach, currently applied in the estimation of illicit drug consumption in communities, is reviewed. The field of wastewater research has been advancing in multipronged paths, incorporating concepts in analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, environmental chemistry, biochemistry, sewage engineering, drug epidemiology and statistics. Future prospects with regard to the occurrence and environmental fate of illicit and psychoactive drugs are recommended.

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“…19 Despite its illegal status, at the time of this writing, ephedra tablets with low-dose ephedrine (10 mg as opposed to 20 mg) were found to be available for purchase on the internet. 21 The active ingredients of ephedra are ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norephedrine, methylephedrine, and norpseudoephedrine. 21 The active ingredients of ephedra are ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norephedrine, methylephedrine, and norpseudoephedrine.…”

Section: Ephedramentioning

confidence: 99%

Anesthesia and Herbal Supplements

Danloff¹

2012

ASA Refresher Courses in Anesthesiology

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How ephedrine escaped regulation in the United States: A historical review of misuse and associated policy

Cited by 44 publications

References 44 publications

Rapid on-site detection of ephedrine and its analogues used as adulterants in slimming dietary supplements by TLC-SERS

Rapid on-site detection of ephedrine and its analogues used as adulterants in slimming dietary supplements by TLC-SERS

Neuropsychiatric pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in wastewater treatment plants: a review

Anesthesia and Herbal Supplements

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