How immunity from and interaction with seasonal coronaviruses can shape SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology

Waterlow, Naomi R.; Leeuwen, Edwin van; Davies, Nicholas G.; Eggo, Rosalind M

doi:10.1073/pnas.2108395118

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…We observed that about 72-81% of subjects exhibited immune CD4+ T cell memory responses to each of the 4 CCC studied, consistent with frequencies detected in both community and heath care works cohorts 26 , and similar to the findings of Tan et al 25 . Remarkably, we found a stable and sustained T cell and antibody response against CCC which are supported by recent experimental findings from Cohen et al 41 or mathematical modeling 19,20 and argues against the short-lived nature of CCC responses 16–18 . Our findings are also in agreement with the stability of responses against other viral infections, such as vaccinia or SARS-CoV-1 where antigen specific cells were detectable 50 years and 17 years post infection, respectively 47,48 and against TT which are remarkably stable for many years upon vaccination 49 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

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Immunological memory to Common Cold Coronaviruses assessed longitudinally over a three-year period

Dawen

Narowski

Wang

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Understanding immune memory to Common Cold Coronaviruses (CCCs) is relevant for assessing its potential impact on the outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and for the prospects of pan-corona vaccines development. We performed a longitudinal analysis, of pre-pandemic samples collected from 2016-2019. CD4+ T cells and antibody responses specific for CCC and to other respiratory viruses, and chronic or ubiquitous pathogens were assessed. CCC-specific memory CD4+ T cells were detected in most subjects, and their frequencies were comparable to those for other common antigens. Notably, responses to CCC and other antigens such as influenza and Tetanus Toxoid (TT) were sustained over time. CCC-specific CD4+ T cell responses were also associated with low numbers of HLA-DR+CD38+ cells and their magnitude did not correlate with yearly changes in the prevalence of CCC infections. Similarly, spike RBD-specific IgG responses for CCC were stable throughout the sampling period. Finally, high CD4+ T cell reactivity to CCC, but not antibody responses, was associated with high pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 immunity. Overall, these results suggest that the steady and sustained CCC responses observed in the study cohort are likely due to a relatively stable pool of CCC-specific memory CD4+ T cells instead of fast decaying responses and frequent reinfections.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Whether immunity to CCC viruses is short or long lived has been debated with conflicting reports [16][17][18][19][20][21][22] . Some discrepancies may be reconciled as some reports consider immunity as protection from re-infection while others consider protection from symptomatic disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunological memory to Common Cold Coronaviruses assessed longitudinally over a three-year period

Dawen

Narowski

Wang

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63, or betacoronaviruses, i.e. HCoVHKU1 and HCoV-OC43; SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 belong to the betacoronavirus genera (199).…”

Section: Previous Infection With Seasonal Coronavirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hallmarks of Severe COVID-19 Pathogenesis: A Pas de Deux Between Viral and Host Factors

et al. 2022

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Two years into Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a comprehensive characterization of the pathogenesis of severe and critical forms of COVID-19 is still missing. While a deep dysregulation of both the magnitude and functionality of innate and adaptive immune responses have been described in severe COVID-19, the mechanisms underlying such dysregulations are still a matter of scientific debate, in turn hampering the identification of new therapies and of subgroups of patients that would most benefit from individual clinical interventions. Here we review the current understanding of viral and host factors that contribute to immune dysregulation associated with COVID-19 severity in the attempt to unfold and broaden the comprehension of COVID-19 pathogenesis and to define correlates of protection to further inform strategies of targeted therapeutic interventions.

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“…Though the LPH-CoVs induced antibody response is short-lasting and has limited protection from hosts infected by the same or different common cold coronaviruses ( 8 ), it is hypothesized that the cross-reactive antibodies response from prior LPH-CoVs exposure could have reduced the susceptibility and possibility of developing severe clinical syndrome on SARS-CoV-2 infection in children ( 12 , 13 ). However, studies exploring whether the pre-existing antibodies induced by LPH-CoVs can cross-react with SARS-CoV-2 generate conflicting results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-existing humoral immunity to low pathogenic human coronaviruses exhibits limited cross-reactive antibodies response against SARS-CoV-2 in children

et al. 2022

Front. Immunol.

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes asymptomatic or mild symptoms, even rare hospitalization in children. A major concern is whether the pre-existing antibodies induced by low pathogenic human coronaviruses (LPH-CoVs) in children can cross-react with SARS-CoV-2. To address this unresolved question, we analyzed the pre-existing spike (S)-specific immunoglobin (Ig) G antibodies against LPH-CoVs and the cross-reactive antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in 658 serum samples collected from children prior to SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. We found that the seroprevalence of these four LPH-CoVs reached 75.84%, and about 24.64% of the seropositive samples had cross-reactive IgG antibodies against the nucleocapsid, S, and receptor binding domain antigens of SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, the re-infections with different LPH-CoVs occurred frequently in children and tended to increase the cross-reactive antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. From the forty-nine serum samples with cross-reactive anti-S IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, we found that seven samples with a median age of 1.4 years old had detected neutralizing activity for the wild-type or mutant SARS-CoV-2 S pseudotypes. Interestingly, all of the seven samples contained anti-S IgG antibodies against HCoV-OC43. Together, these data suggest that children’s pre-existing antibodies to LPH-CoVs have limited cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies against SRAS-CoV-2.

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How immunity from and interaction with seasonal coronaviruses can shape SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology

Cited by 22 publications

References 62 publications

Immunological memory to Common Cold Coronaviruses assessed longitudinally over a three-year period

Immunological memory to Common Cold Coronaviruses assessed longitudinally over a three-year period

Hallmarks of Severe COVID-19 Pathogenesis: A Pas de Deux Between Viral and Host Factors

Pre-existing humoral immunity to low pathogenic human coronaviruses exhibits limited cross-reactive antibodies response against SARS-CoV-2 in children

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