“…Moreover, individual countries tend to have non-negligible weights and can distort different indexes when 5 Several papers study the importance of benchmarks, focusing primarily on the performance evaluation of mutual funds relative to their benchmarks, in particular, on whether active management pays (Lehmann and Modest, 1987;Sharpe, 1992;Wermers, 2000;Cremers and Petajisto, 2009;Sensoy, 2009;Busse et al, 2014;Cremers et al, 2016). A related literature focuses on how benchmark redefinitions affect stock returns, pricing, and liquidity (Harris and Gurel, 1986;Shleifer, 1986;Chen et al, 2004;Barberis et al, 2005;Greenwood, 2005;Hau et al, 2010;Hau, 2011;Wooley, 2011, 2016;Claessens and Yafeh, 2012;Faias et al, 2012;Bartram at al., 2015;Chang et al, 2015). 6 The extent to which fund portfolios are linked to their benchmarks depends on several factors, including the manager's risk aversion and the correlation among the assets in the benchmark portfolio (Roll, 1992;Brennan, 1993;Disyatat and Gelos, 2001).…”