How Infants' Arousal Influences Their Visual Search

Kleberg, Johan Lundin; Bianco, Teresa Del; Falck‐Ytter, Terje

doi:10.1111/cdev.13198

Cited by 20 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The face likely thus captured attention more strongly, which may have made it harder for infants to disengage from it to orient to distractor objects (see also Colombo et al, 2004). In fact, infants’ arousal levels during alerting influence their ability to orient attention towards a stimulus among distractors (Kleberg, del Bianco, & Falck-Ytter, 2019). Thus, dysfunctional modulation in the alerting network may influence attentional capacity especially for faces, that are possibly over-arousing stimuli given their complex nature (Keehn, Müller, & Townsend, 2013; Senju & Johnson, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Look duration at the face as a developmental endophenotype: elucidating pathways to autism and ADHD

Gui

Mason

Gliga³

et al. 2020

Dev Psychopathol

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Identifying developmental endophenotypes on the pathway between genetics and behavior is critical to uncovering the mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental conditions. In this proof-of-principle study, we explored whether early disruptions in visual attention are a unique or shared candidate endophenotype of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We calculated the duration of the longest look (i.e., peak look) to faces in an array-based eye-tracking task for 335 14-month-old infants with and without first-degree relatives with ASD and/or ADHD. We leveraged parent-report and genotype data available for a proportion of these infants to evaluate the relation of looking behavior to familial (n = 285) and genetic liability (using polygenic scores, n = 185) as well as ASD and ADHD-relevant temperament traits at 2 years of age (shyness and inhibitory control, respectively, n = 272) and ASD and ADHD clinical traits at 6 years of age (n = 94). Results showed that longer peak looks at the face were associated with elevated polygenic scores for ADHD (β = 0.078, p = .023), but not ASD (β = 0.002, p = .944), and with elevated ADHD traits in mid-childhood (F(1,88) = 6.401, p = .013, $\eta _p^2$ =0.068; ASD: F (1,88) = 3.218, p = .076), but not in toddlerhood (ps > 0.2). This pattern of results did not emerge when considering mean peak look duration across face and nonface stimuli. Thus, alterations in attention to faces during spontaneous visual exploration may be more consistent with a developmental endophenotype of ADHD than ASD. Our work shows that dissecting paths to neurodevelopmental conditions requires longitudinal data incorporating polygenic contribution, early neurocognitive function, and clinical phenotypic variation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Look duration at the face as a developmental endophenotype: elucidating pathways to autism and ADHD

Gui

Mason

Gliga³

et al. 2020

Dev Psychopathol

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“…Lastly, pupillometry can also be used in conjunction with other measures such as looking time and eye movements (Cheng, Kaldy, & Blaser, 2019; Dörrenberg, Rakoczy, & Liszkowski, 2018; Kleberg, del Bianco, & Falck‐Ytter, 2019; Pätzold & Liszkowski, 2019; Ross‐Sheehy & Eschman, 2019; Tummeltshammer, Feldman, & Amso, 2019; for a study that combines looking time and eye movements see Daum, Attig, Gunawan, Prinz, & Gredebäck, 2012). Pupil dilation, looking time and eye movements have been used independently to understand various cognitive processes; thus, combining pupillometry with other dependent measures provides an unique approach to understanding infant cognition, as this could shed light on how different cognitive processes interact during the same task.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using pupillometry to investigate predictive processes in infancy

Zhang

Emberson

2020

Infancy

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Prediction, a prospective cognitive process, is increasingly believed to be crucial for adult cognition and learning. Despite decades of targeted research on prediction in adults, methodological limitations still exist for investigating prediction in infancy. In this article, we argue that pupillometry, or the measurement of pupil size, is an effective method to examine predictive processing in infants and will expand on existing methods (namely looking time and anticipatory eye movements). In particular, we argue that there are three specific features of pupillometry that make it particularly useful for augmenting the investigation of prediction in infancy. First, pupillometry has excellent temporal resolution that will facilitate the differentiation of prediction subcomponents. Second, pupillometry is highly continuous across the life span, allowing researchers to directly compare responses between infants and adults using an identical paradigm. Third, pupillometry can be used in conjunction with other behavioral measures, allowing for different yet complementary results. In addition, we review relevant adult and infant pupillometry studies that will facilitate infancy researchers to adopt this technique. Overall, pupillometry is particularly useful in investigating prediction in infancy and opens up several avenues for developmental research.

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“…It is well established that arousal and stress influence performance in a variety of cognitive tasks (Davey, 1973 ; Lee et al, 2018 ; Mather et al, 2016 ), following an inverted-U shaped relationship. That is, moderate levels of arousal facilitate performance as compared to low or high levels of arousal (Kleberg et al, 2019 ; Mather et al, 2020 ; Yerkes & Dodson, 1908 ). When applied to visual search, this arousal hypothesis would predict a search benefit with faster RTs under moderately high physical effort (Davranche et al, 2006 ; Droit-Volet & Berthon, 2017 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual search under physical effort is faster but more vulnerable to distractor interference

2021

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Cognition and action are often intertwined in everyday life. It is thus pivotal to understand how cognitive processes operate with concurrent actions. The present study aims to assess how simple physical effort operationalized as isometric muscle contractions affects visual attention and inhibitory control. In a dual-task paradigm, participants performed a singleton search task and a handgrip task concurrently. In the search task, the target was a shape singleton among distractors with a homogeneous but different shape. A salient-but-irrelevant distractor with a unique color (i.e., color singleton) appeared on half of the trials (Singleton distractor present condition), and its presence often captures spatial attention. Critically, the visual search task was performed by the participants with concurrent hand grip exertion, at 5% or 40% of their maximum strength (low vs. high physical load), on a hand dynamometer. We found that visual search under physical effort is faster, but more vulnerable to distractor interference, potentially due to arousal and reduced inhibitory control, respectively. The two effects further manifest in different aspects of RT distributions that can be captured by different components of the ex-Gaussian model using hierarchical Bayesian method. Together, these results provide behavioral evidence and a novel model for two dissociable cognitive mechanisms underlying the effects of simple muscle exertion on the ongoing visual search process on a moment-by-moment basis.

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How Infants' Arousal Influences Their Visual Search

Cited by 20 publications

References 54 publications

Look duration at the face as a developmental endophenotype: elucidating pathways to autism and ADHD

Look duration at the face as a developmental endophenotype: elucidating pathways to autism and ADHD

Using pupillometry to investigate predictive processes in infancy

Visual search under physical effort is faster but more vulnerable to distractor interference

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