How latecomers catch up to build an energy-saving industry: The case of the Chinese electric vehicle industry 1995–2018

Technological Uncertainty and Catch-Up Patterns: Insights of Four Chinese Manufacturing Sectors

“…As a fast-developing emerging economy, China has experienced catch-up in a variety of industries. These include retail, [22] telecommunication, [47] electric vehicles, [48] and so on. Our knowledge of the Chinese catch-up process can be generalized to formulate recommendations for emerging economies in the preliminary stages of their catch-up process.…”

Recent progress in anion exchange membranes (AEMs) in water electrolysis: synthesis, physio-chemical analysis, properties, and applications

“…A high level of energy consumption has been seen in the twenty-rst century, which along with a rise in world population, has increased the industrialization levels in areas such as automobiles, textiles, food, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, nanoengineering, alloys, petroleum and oils, constructions, mining, telecommunication, manufacturing, energy, electronics, and agriculture. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Due to population and high industrialization, there is increased usage of fuels and other sectors (power plants, mills, feedstocks, rening, etc.) are responsible for the high emission of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) into the atmosphere, which reects the global warming issue.…”

“…With fuel cells, the process is reversed; they are suitable energy converters that electrochemically convert fuels (hydrogen) into electricity and, as a by-product, produce water that can be used in water electrolysis. Eqn (1) shows the overall process, and eqn (2)- (5) show the process of water electrolysis in an acidic and alkaline environment. 36,49,50 Based on eqn (3), the theoretical water electrolysis voltage is 1.23 V. At the same time, there is a need for other potential differences to solve the potential losses in the WE process due to the kinetic restrictions in the reaction of electrodes.…”

“…NMR analysis prefers deuterated (D) solvents, such as acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide, water, methanol, and chloroform, and solvents without hydrogen are also chosen, such as carbon disulde and carbon tetrachloride. The quaternized naphthalene-based polybenzimidazole molecule structure (NPBI-QA25 and NPBI-QA25-B75) was conrmed by 1 H NMR. 188 This study used DMSO-d6 and triuoroacetic acid to dissolve the membranes.…”

Catching Up in Electromobility: Windows of Opportunity, Industrial Policies, and Formative Sector Development in the Electric Vehicle Sector in China

“…Second, it has tended to focus on the case of China, which has special characteristics, not on other emerging economies such as Brazil, India and South Africa. This is especially true in the case of the very small body of literature on electric vehicles in emerging economies which is exclusively focused on China (Altenburg et al, 2022;Konda, 2022;Xiong et al, 2022). 4 Third, most prior literature has focused on cases in which there is a large element of proactive-window creation and endogenous contribution to the relevant technology-economic paradigm change .…”