How listening to music and engagement with other media provide a sense of belonging: An exploratory study of social surrogacy

Abstract

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Uses and Perceptions of Music in Times of COVID-19: A Spanish Population Survey

“…Indeed, less than 1% of the sample perceived no benefit from such participation. The perception of the value of engaging in participatory musical activities has been studied in a range of settings ( Kokotsaki and Hallam, 2007 ), and the literature reports benefits that coincide with this research: social improvements, such as a sense of belonging ( Schäfer et al, 2013 ; Schäfer and Eerola, 2020 ) or altruism ( Fukui and Toyoshima, 2014 ), and personal improvements, such as trust ( Anshel and Kipper, 1988 ), positivity and mood regulation ( Schäfer et al, 2013 ). Our results seem to suggest that the positive attributes of music were perceived as very high during lockdown.…”

“…Music may help to consolidate people’s sense of identity, which is built on aspects that include understanding what place music has in people’s lives ( DeNora, 2000 ), how people relate to music ( Green, 2011 ), what the personal and social uses of music are ( Small, 1998 ; MacDonald et al, 2002 ) and how musical preferences are shaped ( Rentfrow et al, 2011 ). The perceived use people make of music ( North et al, 2000 ; Schäfer et al, 2013 ) suggests that it is made and consumed naturally to encourage relationships by enhancing the possibility of sharing and connecting with others ( Kokotsaki and Hallam, 2007 ; Cabedo-Mas and Díaz-Gómez, 2013 ; Schäfer and Eerola, 2020 ), for cognitive or rational intentions of aesthetic enjoyment ( Brattico et al, 2009 ) and also for emotional regulation ( Campayo–Muñoz and Cabedo–Mas, 2017 ). And in all cases, the musical experience can have an impact on wellbeing.…”

Music Listening Predicted Improved Life Satisfaction in University Students During Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic

“…Despite being unable to establish causation from our findings, it is possible that music listening might be an adaptive coping strategy during times of social isolation. It is interesting to consider this in light of recent work highlighting how listening to music may reduce loneliness and act as a social surrogate ( Krause, 2020 ; Schaäfer and Eerola, 2020 ; Schaäfer et al, 2020 ). While individuals seek comfort and company by engaging in both music listening and TV watching, music listening evokes memories and is used to temporarily satisfy needs for social relatedness ( Schaäfer and Eerola, 2020 ).…”

“…It is interesting to consider this in light of recent work highlighting how listening to music may reduce loneliness and act as a social surrogate ( Krause, 2020 ; Schaäfer and Eerola, 2020 ; Schaäfer et al, 2020 ). While individuals seek comfort and company by engaging in both music listening and TV watching, music listening evokes memories and is used to temporarily satisfy needs for social relatedness ( Schaäfer and Eerola, 2020 ). As Schaäfer and Eerola (2020) noted, when people want to connect with specific people, they turn to music rather than TV.…”

Come on Baby, Light My Fire: Sparking Further Research in Socio-Affective Mechanisms of Music Using Computational Advancements

“…Music serves a number of social functions in everyday listening (Sloboda and O'Neill, 2001 ). Recently, social surrogacy was added as a potential reason for musical listening, extrapolating online listener behavior to internal processes (Schäfer and Eerola, 2020 ). Greenberg and Rentfrow ( 2017 ) list a number of avenues by which social media and streaming data can be used within music psychology; implementing several of these analyses in tandem could be well-suited to studying socio-affective behavior.…”