How long does it take to recover from a mild concussion?

Hugenholtz, H; Stuss, D T; Stethem, L L; Richard, M T

doi:10.1097/00006123-198805000-00008

Cited by 42 publications

(51 citation statements)

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“…[22][23][24]26,60,61 In terms of neuropsychological performance, the mTBI group demonstrated decreased verbal learning and recall (VSRT), and slowed processing speed (SDMT) compared with OI, but did not differ on other commonly used measures sensitive to mTBI including response inhibition (Stroop) or letter fluency. Findings for slowed processing speed and memory are consistent with previous research of acute impairments after non-sport mTBI 9,12,[14][15][16][17] and sports-related concussions. [19][20][21][22][23]25,26,[60][61][62] Impairments in episodic memory and processing speed have been reported in prospective studies that used eligibility criteria similar to the present study, including GCS 13-15 and normal CT scans when available.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…16 In a very small study of hospitalized patients with mTBI (GCS 13-15), Brooks and coworkers 17 reported that at 2-3 days post-injury, the mTBI group was significantly outperformed by matched controls on measures of verbal fluency (Controlled Oral Word Association Test), visual tracking and attention (Trail Making Test), and speeded working memory (PASAT).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Patterns of Early Emotional and Neuropsychological Sequelae after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

McCauley

Wilde

Barnes

et al. 2014

Journal of Neurotrauma

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Although mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is now recognized as a major health issue, there have been relatively few studies of its acute effects. Previous studies of mTBI assessed at 1 week or less post-injury have produced inconsistent results, spanning reports of no ill effects to findings of robust dysfunction. These gross disparities reflect study differences such as the criteria for mTBI diagnosis and selection of comparison groups. In consideration of these issues, this study investigated outcome in the first 96 hours after injury in adolescents and adults ages 12-30 years with mTBI (n = 73) compared with orthopedically injured (OI, n = 65) and typically developing controls (TDC, n = 40). The mTBI group reported significantly greater general psychological distress, post-concussion symptom severity, and post-traumatic stress severity than OI (all p < 0.0001) and TDC (all p < 0.0001); the OI and TDC groups responded similarly on these variables. There was a significant Group · Age interaction on the Total score ( p < 0.009), and the Cognitive ( p = 0.01) and Somatic ( p < 0.032) subscales of the Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire where increasing symptom severity was associated with increasing age in the mTBI group. On neuropsychological assessment, the mTBI group performed significantly more poorly compared with OI for Verbal Selective Reminding Test (delayed recall, p = 0.0003) and SymbolDigit Modalities Test (SDMT written p = 0.03; oral, p = 0.001). The TDC group more robustly outperformed the mTBI group on these measures and also on the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test (delayed recall, p < 0.04), Letter Fluency ( p < 0.02), and Category Switching ( p < 0.04). The TDC group outperformed the OI group on SDMT and Letter Fluency. These findings are consistent with previous reports of acute deficits in episodic memory and processing speed acutely after mTBI. Notably, however, these data also demonstrate the challenges of comparison group selection because differences were also found between the TDC and OI groups.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of Early Emotional and Neuropsychological Sequelae after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

McCauley

Wilde

Barnes

et al. 2014

Journal of Neurotrauma

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…For the moderately injured most reports are made in the 1980s, and outcome was often determined at 3 and 6 months after injury. Follow-up studies beyond that period are lacking [42]. Also, commonly used outcome scales fail to measure outcome in mild and moderate TBI as they assess functional disability more than cognitive deficits [42].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, commonly used outcome scales fail to measure outcome in mild and moderate TBI as they assess functional disability more than cognitive deficits [42]. Our results may however support those studies which demonstrate that although neuropsychological impairment at baseline usually resolves within three months, moderately injured may still have selective cognitive deficits (attention and memory) one year after injury [9,18,42,43]. Finally, no agreement has been made on the predictive value of the GCS score and the PTA duration on outcome among moderately injured [44].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Level During the First Year After Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Course and Predictors of Outcome

Sandhaug

2011

J Neurol Res

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“…[6][7][8][9][10] Reaction time measures provide one of the most sensitive indices of cognitive changes after concussion in both athletic and general head injury populations. 11,12 Decreased speed of information processing is thought to account for the cognitive performance deficits seen after concussion.…”

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confidence: 99%

Between-Seasons Test-Retest Reliability of Clinically Measured Reaction Time in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Athletes

Eckner

Kutcher

Richardson

2011

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Reaction time is typically impaired after concussion. A clinical test of reaction time (RT clin ) that does not require a computer to administer may be a valuable tool to assist in concussion diagnosis and management.Objective: To determine the test-retest reliability of RT clin measured over successive seasons in competitive collegiate athletes and to compare these results with a computerized measure of reaction time (RT comp ).Design: Case series with repeated measures. Setting: Preparticipation physical examinations for the football, women's soccer, and wrestling teams at a single university.Patients or Other Participants: 102 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes. Intervention(s):The RT clin was measured using a measuring stick embedded in a weighted rubber disk that was released and caught as quickly as possible. The RT comp was measured using the simple reaction time component of CogState Sport.Main Outcome Measure(s): Data were collected at 2 time points, 1 season apart, during preparticipation physical examinations. Outcomes were mean simple RT clin and RT comp .Results: The intraclass correlation coefficient estimates from season 1 to season 2 were 0.645 for RT clin (n = 102, entire sample) and 0.512 for RT comp (n = 62 athletes who had 2 consecutive valid baseline CogState Sport test sessions).Conclusions: The test-retest reliability of RT clin over consecutive seasons compared favorably with that of a concurrently tested computerized measure of reaction time and with literature-based estimates of computerized reaction time measures. This finding supports the potential use of RT clin as part of a multifaceted concussion assessment battery. Further prospective study is warranted.Key Words: intraclass correlation coefficient, concussions, traumatic brain injuries, assessment Key Points• Reaction time is typically prolonged after sport-related concussion and can be measured clinically.• Test-retest reliability of the clinical measure of reaction time over consecutive seasons compared favorably with a computerized measure of reaction time.• The potential use of the clinical measure of reaction time as part of the sports medicine practitioner's multifaceted concussion assessment battery is supported.

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How long does it take to recover from a mild concussion?

Cited by 42 publications

References 0 publications

Patterns of Early Emotional and Neuropsychological Sequelae after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Patterns of Early Emotional and Neuropsychological Sequelae after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Functional Level During the First Year After Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Course and Predictors of Outcome

Between-Seasons Test-Retest Reliability of Clinically Measured Reaction Time in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Athletes

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