How lubricant formulations and properties influence the performance of rotorcraft transmissions under loss of lubrication conditions

Faruck, Azhaarudeen Anifa Mohamed; Hsu, Chia-Jui; Doerr, Nicole; Weigand, Michael; Gachot, Carsten

doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106390

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…As a comparison, the average Brugger load-carrying capacity of fully formulated turbine oils is provided. [36] conditions inducing locally high temperatures, the predominant lubrication regime for both ILs is boundary lubrication irrespective of their viscosity. Due to the expected low film thicknesses, the different viscosities only play a minor role regarding the resulting tribological performance.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These values are substantially higher than that of a non‐additivated FVA2 base oil as well as comparable to fully formulated and commercially used turbine oils measured using the same test setup. [ 6,36 ] We already demonstrated the effectiveness of ILs to improve the antiwear properties of a FVA2 base oil when used as additives with a concentration of 5 wt%, which was attributed to the formation of a phosphate‐rich tribolayer. [ 6 ] The pure ILs slightly increased the load‐carrying capacity compared to the IL additivated base oils.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The performance of a lubricant was evaluated by analyzing the contact area that expanded linearly with time and was inversely proportional to the load‐carrying capacity of the tested lubricants. [ 36 ] To determine the contact area and the dimensions of the major and minor axis ( a and b ), a laser scanning confocal microscope (Keyence VK‐X1000 3D) was used. Equation () was used to calculate the Brugger load‐carrying capacity B (N mm −2 ) of the tested lubricants.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Average Brugger load-carrying capacity for the pure ILs 1 and 2 as well as the ILs additivated with 0.5 wt% of MXenes. As a comparison, the average Brugger load-carrying capacity of fully formulated turbine oils is provided [36].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Combining Tailored Ionic Liquids with Ti₃C₂T_x MXenes for an Enhanced Load‐Carrying Capacity Under Boundary Lubrication

Grützmacher,

Neuhauser,

Stagel

et al. 2023

Adv Eng Mater

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To improve the efficiency and lifetime of mechanical components, new lubrication systems are needed. Two complementary material classes, which have demonstrated a promising tribological performance, are ionic liquids and MXenes (2D transition metal carbides and nitrides). Herein, Ti3C2Tx MXenes are used as additives in ionic liquids (ILs) to improve their load‐carrying capacity under boundary lubrication. The specifically synthesized ILs share the same cation (trioctyl(methyl)phosphonium) but different anions (dimethyl phosphate and dibutyl phosphate for IL1 and IL2, respectively) to assess the effect of the anion's alkyl chain length. The wear reduction performance is tested with a cylinder‐on‐ring contact in a standardized Brugger tester, which is suitable to study boundary lubrication and to assess the antiwear ability of the IL/MXene lubricant blends. MXenes indicate an excellent dispersibility in both ILs over 24 h. It is found that, irrespective of the used IL, the addition of MXenes always increases the load‐carrying capacity. Particularly, significantly reduced wear and thus a high load‐carrying capacity are observed for the combination IL2/MXenes, which also outperform fully formulated commercially available lubricants such as turbine oils.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Combining Tailored Ionic Liquids with Ti₃C₂T_x MXenes for an Enhanced Load‐Carrying Capacity Under Boundary Lubrication

Grützmacher,

Neuhauser,

Stagel

et al. 2023

Adv Eng Mater

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“…Estimation of the real contact area between two contacting solids can be seen as an initial step towards investigating friction and wear of that contact, which are of uttermost interest in various engineering applications [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. In the context of metalworking, bulk forming operations such as hot rolling of Al alloys are greatly dependent on the contact conditions: the real area of contact partly defines the friction forces that move the workpiece through the roll bite [11], being thus a fundamental aspect of the process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of the 6061 Aluminium Alloy Thermo-Viscoplastic Behaviour on the Load-Area Relation of a Contact

et al. 2021

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The contact between solids in metal-forming operations often involves temperature-dependent viscoplasticity of the workpiece. In order to estimate the real contact area in such contexts, both the topography and the deformation behaviour should be taken into account. In this work, a deterministic approach is used to represent asperities in appropriately shaped quadratic surfaces. Such geometries are implemented in indentation finite element simulations, in which the indented material has thermo-viscoplastic properties. By creating a database of simulation data, investigations in terms of contact load and area for the specifically shaped asperities allow for an analysis on the influence of the material properties on the load–area relation of the contact. The temperature and viscoplasticity greatly define how much load is supported by a substrate due to an indenting asperity, but the description of the deformation behaviour at small values of strain and strain rate is also relevant. The pile-up and sink-in regions are very dependent on the thermo-viscoplastic conditions and material model, which consequently affect the real contact area calculation. The interplay between carried load and contact area of a full surface analysis indicates the role that different sized asperities play in the contact under different thermomechanical conditions.

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Experimental Investigation of Tribological and Rheological Behaviour of Hybrid Nanolubricants for Applications in Internal Combustion Engines

et al. 2023

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In this study, the improvement in SAE 10W-40 engine oil tribological performance after the addition of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoadditive and two different phosphonium-based ionic liquids (ILs) was investigated. Besides, the rheological behaviour of MgO-based nanolubricant and IL-based hybrid nanolubricants at the temperature range from 293.15 to 363.15 K was studied. The nanoparticle characterization was performed by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The tribological properties, friction coefficients and wear parameters of the formulated oil modified with 0.01 wt% MgO and 1 wt% ILs compared with the neat 10W-40 oil were performed and analysed using a ball-on-three-pins tribometer and a 3D optical profilometer, respectively. Further analysis on the worn surface was shown by Raman spectroscopy and SEM images illustrating the formation of the protective IL and MgO tribo-films as hybrid additives. In friction tests with sliding steel-steel tribo-pairs, IL3-based hybrid nanolubricant decreased the coefficient of friction and wear volume by 7% and 59%, respectively, in comparison with the neat SAE 10W-40, hence better positive synergies were found for MgO and IL3 as hybrid additives. Interestingly, the thermophysical characterization by rheology also revealed that the nanoparticle and ionic liquids addition did not affect neither the viscosity response nor the Newtonian behaviour of the engine oil, adequately meeting the requirements for their use in internal combustion engines. Graphical Abstract

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How lubricant formulations and properties influence the performance of rotorcraft transmissions under loss of lubrication conditions

Cited by 14 publications

References 35 publications

Combining Tailored Ionic Liquids with Ti₃C₂T_x MXenes for an Enhanced Load‐Carrying Capacity Under Boundary Lubrication

Combining Tailored Ionic Liquids with Ti₃C₂T_x MXenes for an Enhanced Load‐Carrying Capacity Under Boundary Lubrication

Influence of the 6061 Aluminium Alloy Thermo-Viscoplastic Behaviour on the Load-Area Relation of a Contact

Experimental Investigation of Tribological and Rheological Behaviour of Hybrid Nanolubricants for Applications in Internal Combustion Engines

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How lubricant formulations and properties influence the performance of rotorcraft transmissions under loss of lubrication conditions

Cited by 14 publications

References 35 publications

Combining Tailored Ionic Liquids with Ti3C2Tx MXenes for an Enhanced Load‐Carrying Capacity Under Boundary Lubrication

Combining Tailored Ionic Liquids with Ti3C2Tx MXenes for an Enhanced Load‐Carrying Capacity Under Boundary Lubrication

Influence of the 6061 Aluminium Alloy Thermo-Viscoplastic Behaviour on the Load-Area Relation of a Contact

Experimental Investigation of Tribological and Rheological Behaviour of Hybrid Nanolubricants for Applications in Internal Combustion Engines

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Product

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Combining Tailored Ionic Liquids with Ti₃C₂T_x MXenes for an Enhanced Load‐Carrying Capacity Under Boundary Lubrication

Combining Tailored Ionic Liquids with Ti₃C₂T_x MXenes for an Enhanced Load‐Carrying Capacity Under Boundary Lubrication