How many oral antidiabetic drugs before insulin?

Kelwade, Jayant; Parekh, Harsh; Dukle, Vaibhav; Sethi, Bipin

doi:10.4103/2230-8210.195994

“…Similarly, the water solubility of insulin (an antidiabetic drug) and ciprofloxacin was improved by salt formation with cationic and anionic amino acids, respectively [68,149,150]. The increase in solubility of antimicrobial drugs results in improved bioavailability, better absorption and enhanced efficacy of the antimicrobial drugs i.e., the counterion-based salts of antimicrobial drugs are more effective at lower concentrations compared to their free forms [65,144].…”

Section: Amino Acids As Solubility Enhancing Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multimodal Role of Amino Acids in Microbial Control and Drug Development

Idrees

¹

,

Mohammad

²

,

Karodia

³

et al. 2020

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Amino acids are ubiquitous vital biomolecules found in all kinds of living organisms including those in the microbial world. They are utilised as nutrients and control many biological functions in microorganisms such as cell division, cell wall formation, cell growth and metabolism, intermicrobial communication (quorum sensing), and microbial-host interactions. Amino acids in the form of enzymes also play a key role in enabling microbes to resist antimicrobial drugs. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and microbial biofilms are posing a great threat to the world’s human and animal population and are of prime concern to scientists and medical professionals. Although amino acids play an important role in the development of microbial resistance, they also offer a solution to the very same problem i.e., amino acids have been used to develop antimicrobial peptides as they are highly effective and less prone to microbial resistance. Other important applications of amino acids include their role as anti-biofilm agents, drug excipients, drug solubility enhancers, and drug adjuvants. This review aims to explore the emerging paradigm of amino acids as potential therapeutic moieties.

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“…These pathophysiologies comprise of decreased insulin secretion, increased glucagon secretion, decreased glucose uptake by muscle cells, decreased incretin effects, increased renal glucose reuptake, increased hepatic glucose production, increased lipolysis, and dysfunction of neurotransmitters that regulate the physiology of insulin secretion and sensitivity (Defronzo, 2009). Inadequate control of blood sugar levels needed the use of multiple oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin therapy in diabetic patients with certain conditions (Kelwade et al, 2017). However, prolonged use of multiple hypoglycemic agents results in various inconvenient side effects, including increased body weight and hypoglycemia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In silico ADME-T and molecular docking study of phytoconstituents from Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray on various targets of diabetic nephropathy

Adianingsih¹,

Khasanah²,

Anandhy³

et al. 2022

J Pharm Pharmacogn Res

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Context: Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Grayhas been known for treatment of diabetes mellitus, yet its mechanism as anti-diabetic has not been defined. There are various therapeutic targets for diabetes and its complication such as diabetic nephropathy. Aims: To investigate the mechanism of phytoconstituents in Tithonia diversifolia to various targets of diabetic nephropathy and predict the pharmacokinetic profile such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicity (ADME-T). Methods: Eighteen phytoconstituents in Tithonia diversifolia were analyzed for drug-likeness. The molecular docking of molecules was performed to protein targets, then its molecular interaction was determined. ADME-T properties were predicted using three different web servers. Results: Drug-likeness analysis showed that all the phytoconstituents were within the range set by Lipinski’s rule of five. This study showed that Tithonia diversifolia have potential as a candidate for diabetic nephropathy therapy agent with various mechanisms by inhibiting α-glucosidase, ACE, ALR, DPP-4, LMW-PTP, RAGE, SGLT2, SUR1, and an analog of PPAR-γ. 5-Caffeoylquinic acid, catechin, diversifolin, hispidulin, tagitinin A, tagitinin C, tagitinin F, tithonine, and tirotundin were phytoconstituents with a high binding affinity to several proteins. β-gurjunene, tagitinin A,tagitinin C, tagitinin F, and tirotundin were predicted to have a better ADME-T properties than other compounds. In summary, tagitinin A, tagitinin C, tagitinin F, and tirotundin were showed the high binding affinity to various diabetes-related proteins and have a good ADME-T profile. Conclusions: This study suggests that Tithonia diversifolia constituents have potential properties as an anti-diabetic nephropathy agent, and further studies to analyze its potency are required.

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“…These pathophysiologies comprise of decreased insulin secretion, increased glucagon secretion, decreased glucose uptake by muscle cells, decreased incretin effects, increased renal glucose reuptake, increased hepatic glucose production, increased lipolysis, and dysfunction of neurotransmitters that regulate the physiology of insulin secretion and sensitivity (Defronzo, 2009). Inadequate control of blood sugar levels needed the use of multiple oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin therapy in diabetic patients with certain conditions (Kelwade et al, 2017). However, prolonged use of multiple hypoglycemic agents results in various inconvenient side effects, including increased body weight and hypoglycemia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%