How many phases and phase transitions do exist in Gibbs adsorption layers at the air–water interface?

Effect of head groups on the phase transitions in Gibbs adsorption layers at the air–water interface

“…Several research groups including ours have found a first-order LE-LC phase transition in some other amphiphiles containing 12 and/or 14 carbons in the tails [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Moreover, alkyl phosphates having 12-16 carbon chains show three or more first-order phase transitions in Gibbs adsorption layers under different conditions [17][18][19][20].…”

“…Only some slightly soluble alkyl phosphates, which are partially ionic in nature, are capable of forming LC phases [17][18][19][20]. It is most likely that, undissociated molecules of alkyl phosphates form such high density LC phases.…”

Effects of Polypropylene Glycol at Very Low Concentrations on Rheological Properties at the Air–Water Interface and Foam Stability of Sodium Bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate Aqueous Solutions

“…Slight changes may be observed at the surface by using BAM. , The reflectance of the p-polarized laser beam incident at the surface is zero at the Brewster angle. The presence of the condensed phase on the surface may induce changes in the refractive index of the interface, resulting in reflection of the p-polarized laser beam.…”