How Many Plant Species are There, Where are They, and at What Rate are They Going Extinct?

Pimm, Stuart L.; Joppa, Lucas

doi:10.3417/2012018

Cited by 181 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…Our estimate of 369,434 flowering plant species is 7.6% lower than that of 400,000 recently published by Pimm & Joppa (2015), which was based on the proportions of accepted names and synonyms in Version 1 of The plant list (2010, hereafter TPL 1.0). A small portion of this difference is due to an apparent misreading by these authors of TPL 1.0 statistics, so that total numbers for vascular plants and bryophytes were interpreted as numbers for angiosperms.…”

Section: Comparison With Recent Estimates For Flowering Plantsmentioning

confidence: 48%

Counting counts: revised estimates of numbers of accepted species of flowering plants, seed plants, vascular plants and land plants with a review of other recent estimates

et al. 2016

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We present revised estimates of the numbers of accepted species of flowering plants (369,434), seed plants (370,492), vascular plants (383,671) and land plants (403,911) based on a recently de-duplicated version of the International Plant Names Index and rates of synonymy calculated from the seed plant families published in the World checklist of selected plant families. Alternative approaches to estimating or calculating the number of accepted plant species are discussed and differences between results are highlighted and interpreted.

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Section: Comparison With Recent Estimates For Flowering Plantsmentioning

confidence: 48%

Counting counts: revised estimates of numbers of accepted species of flowering plants, seed plants, vascular plants and land plants with a review of other recent estimates

et al. 2016

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“…1). Much of the world's plant diversity is concentrated in these tropical regions-two thirds of all angiosperm species according to Pimm and Joppa (2015)-where existing protected area networks and national legislation frequently fail to protect key plant species and their habitats. The need for accelerated IPA identification and protection in the tropics, and an associated drive to mobilise existing and new plant data, is therefore particularly urgent.…”

Section: Progress To Date On Ipa Identification and Post-identificatimentioning

confidence: 99%

Important Plant Areas: revised selection criteria for a global approach to plant conservation

et al. 2017

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Despite the severe threats to plant habitats and high levels of extinction risk for plant species in many parts of the world, plant conservation priorities are often poorly represented in national and global frameworks because of a lack of data in an accessible and consistent format to inform conservation decision making. The Important Plant Areas (IPAs) criteria system offers a pragmatic yet scientifically rigorous means of delivering these datasets, enabling informed national-or regional-scale conservation prioritisation, and contributing significantly towards global prioritisation systems including the International Union for Conservation of Nature Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) Standard. In this paper, we review the IPA rationale and progress on IPA identification to date, including the perceived limitations of the process and how these may be overcome. We then present a revised set of criteria for use globally, developed through the combined experiences of IPA -017-1336-6 identification over the past decade and a half and through a recent global consultation process. An overview of how the revised IPA criteria can work alongside the newly published KBA Standard is also provided. IPA criteria are based around a sound, scientific, global framework which acknowledges the practical problems of gathering plant and habitat data in many regions of the world, and recognises the role of peer reviewed expert opinion in the selection process. National and sub-national engagement in IPA identification is essential, providing a primary route towards long term conservation of key sites for plant diversity. The IPA criteria can be applied to the conservation of all organism groups within the plant and fungal kingdoms.

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“…Many species are still unknown to science, while perhaps a third is at risk of extinction [9]. At present, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group [10] recognizes 462 families of flowering plants (angiosperms).…”

Section: Domesticated Crops Are a Subset Of World Plant Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Genetic Changes during Crop Domestication

et al. 2018

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Abstract:Humans have domesticated hundreds of plant and animal species as sources of food, fiber, forage, and tools over the past 12,000 years, with manifold effects on both human society and the genetic structure of the domesticated species. The outcomes of crop domestication were shaped by selection driven by human preferences, cultivation practices, and agricultural environments, as well as other population genetic processes flowing from the ensuing reduction in effective population size. It is obvious that any selection imposes a reduction of diversity, favoring preferred genotypes, such as nonshattering seeds or increased palatability. Furthermore, agricultural practices greatly reduced effective population sizes of crops, allowing genetic drift to alter genotype frequencies. Current advances in molecular technologies, particularly of genome sequencing, provide evidence of human selection acting on numerous loci during and after crop domestication. Population-level molecular analyses also enable us to clarify the demographic histories of the domestication process itself, which, together with expanded archaeological studies, can illuminate the origins of crops. Domesticated plant species are found in 160 taxonomic families. Approximately 2500 species have undergone some degree of domestication, and 250 species are considered to be fully domesticated. The evolutionary trajectory from wild to crop species is a complex process. Archaeological records suggest that there was a period of predomestication cultivation while humans first began the deliberate planting of wild stands that had favorable traits. Later, crops likely diversified as they were grown in new areas, sometimes beyond the climatic niche of their wild relatives. However, the speed and level of human intentionality during domestication remains a topic of active discussion. These processes led to the so-called domestication syndrome, that is, a group of traits that can arise through human preferences for ease of harvest and growth advantages under human propagation. These traits included reduced dispersal ability of seeds and fruits, changes to plant structure, and changes to plant defensive characteristics and palatability. Domestication implies the action of selective sweeps on standing genetic variation, as well as new genetic variation introduced via mutation or introgression. Furthermore, genetic bottlenecks during domestication or during founding events as crops moved away from their centers of origin may have further altered gene pools. To date, a few hundred genes and loci have been identified by classical genetic and association mapping as targets of domestication and postdomestication divergence. However, only a few of these have been characterized, and for even fewer is the role of the wild-type allele in natural populations understood. After domestication, only favorable haplotypes are retained around selected genes, which creates a genetic valley with extremely low genetic diversity. These "selective sweeps" can allow mildly deleterious...

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How Many Plant Species are There, Where are They, and at What Rate are They Going Extinct?

Cited by 181 publications

References 56 publications

Counting counts: revised estimates of numbers of accepted species of flowering plants, seed plants, vascular plants and land plants with a review of other recent estimates

Counting counts: revised estimates of numbers of accepted species of flowering plants, seed plants, vascular plants and land plants with a review of other recent estimates

Important Plant Areas: revised selection criteria for a global approach to plant conservation

The Impact of Genetic Changes during Crop Domestication

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