How Matrix Metalloproteinases Regulate Cell Behavior

Sternlicht, Mark D.; Werb, Zena

doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.17.1.463

Cited by 3,521 publications

(3,229 citation statements)

References 220 publications

(199 reference statements)

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“…However, MMP proteolysis can create space for cells to migrate, can produce specific substrate-cleavage fragments with independent biological activity, can regulate tissue architecture through effects on the ECM and intercellular junctions, and can activate, deactivate or modify the activity of signalling molecules, both directly and indirectly 16 (FIG. 2).…”

Section: Functions Of Mmp Proteolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Matrix metalloproteinases and the regulation of tissue remodelling

Page-McCaw

Ewald

Werb

2007

Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol

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2,585

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Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were discovered because of their role in amphibian metamorphosis, yet they have attracted more attention because of their roles in disease. Despite intensive scrutiny in vitro, in cell culture and in animal models, the normal physiological roles of these extracellular proteases have been elusive. Recent studies in mice and flies point to essential roles of MMPs as mediators of change and physical adaptation in tissues, whether developmentally regulated, environmentally induced or disease associated.The founding member of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family, collagenase, was identified in 1962 by Gross and Lapiere, who found that tadpole tails during metamorphosis contained an enzyme that could degrade fibrillar collagen 1,2 . Subsequently, an interstitial collagenase, collagenase-1 or MMP1, was found in diseased skin and synovium 3 . In vitro, MMP1 initiates degradation of native fibrillar collagens, crucial components of vertebrate extracellular matrix (ECM), by cleaving the peptide bond between Gly775-Ile776 or Gly775-Lys776 in native type I, II or III collagen molecules 3,4 . Further research led to the discovery of a family of structurally related proteinases (23 in human, 24 in mice), now referred to as the MMP family.Interest in MMPs increased in the late 1960s and early 1970s following observations that MMPs are upregulated in diverse human diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. Importantly, high levels of MMPs often correlated with poor prognosis in human patients (reviewed in REF. 5 ). However, recent clinical data indicate that the relationship between § These authors contributed equally to this paper. Competing interests statementThe authors declare no competing financial interests. DATABASESThe following terms in this article are linked online to: Entrez Genome: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene DmMmp1 | DmMmp2 NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptMMPs and disease is not simple; for example, increased MMP activity can enhance tumour progression or can inhibit it (reviewed in REF. 6 ). This complex relationship between MMP expression and cancer has increased the basic and clinical interest in understanding MMP function in vivo, but it has also focused attention on MMPs and pathology, and relatively less attention has been focused on the normal roles of these enzymes. MMP proteolysisMMPs are members of the metzincin group of proteases, which are named after the zinc ion and the conserved Met residue at the active site 11,12 . Recent work has generated a unified peptidase nomenclature 13 Functions of MMP proteolysisHistorically, MMPs were thought to function mainly as enzymes that degrade structural components of the ECM. However, MMP proteolysis can create space for cells to migrate, can produce specific substrate-cleavage fragments with independent biological activity, can MMPs in bone modelling and remodellingBone is an important site of ongoing tissue remodelling during development...

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Section: Functions Of Mmp Proteolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This regulatory complexity has made it especially difficult to infer the spatial and temporal details of MMP activity from RNA-expression patterns. For details on the regulation of MMP activity, see REFS 2,16,119 and references therein. For a specific example of the regulation of MMP13 activity, see REF.…”

Section: Regulation Of Extracellular Proteolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Matrix metalloproteinases and the regulation of tissue remodelling

Page-McCaw

Ewald

Werb

2007

Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol

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2,585

2,180

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“…Collectively, the MMP family can degrade all components of the extracellular matrix and there is significant overlap of substrate specificity between each MMP (Sternlicht and Werb, 2001;Egeblad and Werb, 2002). Many well-established MMPs have a broad proteolytic activity; however, not all MMPs share this propertyrecently isolated members such as MMP-28 appear to have only a single identified substrate, and for others the substrate or signalling pathway is unknown (Lohi et al, 2001).…”

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confidence: 99%

Comprehensive profiling and localisation of the matrix metalloproteinases in urothelial carcinoma

et al. 2006

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The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are endopeptidases which break down the extracellular matrix and regulate cytokine and growth factor activity. Several MMPs have been implicated in the promotion of invasion and metastasis in a broad range of tumours including urothelial carcinoma. In this study, RNA from 132 normal bladder and urothelial carcinoma specimens was profiled for each of the 24 human MMPs, the four endogenous tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) and several key growth factors and their receptors using quantitative real time RT -PCR. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) of RNA from 22 tumour and 11 normal frozen sections was performed allowing accurate RNA extraction from either stromal or epithelial compartments. This study confirms the over expression in bladder tumour tissue of well-documented MMPs and highlights a range of MMPs which have not previously been implicated in the development of urothelial cancer. In summary, MMP-2, MT1-MMP and the previously unreported MMP-28 were very highly expressed in tumour samples while MMPs 1, 7, 9, 11, 15, 19 and 23 were highly expressed. There was a significant positive correlation between transcript expression and tumour grade for MMPs 1, 2, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 28 (Po0.001). At the same confidence interval, TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 also correlated with increasing tumour grade. LCM revealed that most highly expressed MMPs are located primarily within the stromal compartment except MMP-13 which localised to the epithelial compartment. This work forms the basis for further functional studies, which will help to confirm the MMPs as potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets in early bladder cancer.

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“…Wong et al note that all the TIMP's inhibit all MMP's [51]. Sternlicht and Werb note that the TIMP's have specific MMP targets [53]. Laliberté et al note that TIMP-1 inhibits all MMP's and TIMP-2 has specificity for MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 [47].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phagocytosis and remodeling of collagen matrices

Abraham

Dice

Lee

et al. 2007

Experimental Cell Research

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The biodegradation of collagen and the deposition of new collagen-based extracellular matrices are of central importance in tissue remodeling and function. Similarly, for collagen-based biomaterials used in tissue engineering, the degradation of collagen scaffolds with accompanying cellular infiltration and generation of new extracellular matrix is critical for integration of in vitro grown tissues in vivo. In earlier studies we observed significant impact of collagen structure on primary lung fibroblast behavior in vitro in terms of collagen uptake and matrix remodeling. Therefore, in the present work, the response of human fibroblasts (IMR-90) to the structural state of collagen was studied with respect to phagocytosis in the presence and absence of inhibitors. Protein content and transcript levels for Collagen I (Col-1), Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2), and Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP-70) were characterized as a function of collagen matrix concentration, structure and cell culture time to assess effects on cellular collagen matrix remodeling processes. Phagocytosis of collagen was assessed quantitatively by uptake of collagen coated fluorescent beads incorporated into the pre-formed collagen matrices. Significantly higher levels of collagen phagocytosis were observed for the cells grown on the denatured collagen vs. native collagen matrices. Significant reduction in collagen phagocytosis was observed by blocking several phagocytosis pathways when the cells were grown on denatured collagen versus non-denatured collagen. Collagen phagocytosis inhibition effects were significantly greater for PDL57 IMR-90 cells versus PDL48 cells, reflecting a reduced number of collagen processing pathways available to the older cells. Transcript levels related to the deposition of new extracellular matrix proteins varied as a function of the structure of the collagen matrix presented to the cells. A four-fold increase in transcript level of Col-1 and a higher level of collagen matrix incorporation were observed for cells grown on denatured collagen versus cells grown on non-denatured collagen. The data suggest that biomaterial matrices incorporating denatured collagen may promote more active remodeling toward new extracellular matrices in comparison to cells grown on non-denatured collagen. A similar effect of cellular action toward denatured (wound-related) collagen in the remodeling of tissues in vivo may have significant impact on tissue regeneration as well as the progression of collagen-related diseases.

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How Matrix Metalloproteinases Regulate Cell Behavior

Cited by 3,521 publications

References 220 publications

Matrix metalloproteinases and the regulation of tissue remodelling

Matrix metalloproteinases and the regulation of tissue remodelling

Comprehensive profiling and localisation of the matrix metalloproteinases in urothelial carcinoma

Phagocytosis and remodeling of collagen matrices

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