“…Studies find that the tone of ECB communication provides valuable information during the PC, and that it can be especially useful in predicting stock prices (Brzeszczyński et al, 2021). Against this background, we proceed in two steps: First, we use a bag-of-words approach to convert the qualitative information contained in the IS and the Q&A into a quantitative indicator that measures the degree of hawkish and dovish tone for the 227 ECB PCs held from January 1999 until December 2019.…”