“…Only a few studies on this is-sue have been conducted in less developed countries and in non-western societies (e.g., Sheppard, Snopkowski & Sear, 2014). Many studies in Western societies have demonstrated the effects of father absence not only on the mortality and health (e.g., Sear & Coall, 2011;Sear & Mace, 2008;Winking, et al, 2009), but also on the reproductive behavior of children (e.g., Alvergne, Faurie & Raymond, 2008;Bogaert, 2008;Mendle et al, 2009;Nettle, Coal & Dickens, 2010). According to life history theory, because of limited resources, individuals have in general to make trade-offs between mating efforts and parenting efforts in order to reproduce (e.g., Chisholm, 1993;Figueredo et al, 2006).…”