How much electrical energy storage do we need? A synthesis for the U.S., Europe, and Germany

Cebulla, Felix; Haas, Jannik; Eichman, Joshua; Nowak, Wolfgang; Mancarella, Pierluigi

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.144

Cited by 164 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 44 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…An important variable that defines the energy storage capacity requirement is the energy production from the VRE sources in the energy mix [47,49]. Several studies were reviewed to estimate the European stationary storage size as a fraction of VRE penetration and annual demand.…”

Section: European Energy Storage Case Studies For Vre Integrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the relationship created, fraction values up to a VRE penetration of 95% were analyzed (Figure 7). Based on the reviewed studies, the figures given for the recommended storage capacities at an all European level in the case of generating 100% of the annual demand by using RES show far too great a variation to be reliable (Table 5) [35,37,47,49,70,75,76]; therefore, a VRE penetration of 100% was not examined in this research. With the help of a polynomial regression model, an equation that describes the average European storage fraction related to the percentage of gross VRE electricity generation was developed.…”

Section: Determination Of the European Storage Fractionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Intermittent Renewable Energy Sources: The Role of Energy Storage in the European Power System of 2040

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Global electricity demand is constantly growing, making the utilization of solar and wind energy sources, which also reduces negative environmental effects, more and more important. These variable energy sources have an increasing role in the global energy mix, including generating capacity. Therefore, the need for energy storage in electricity networks is becoming increasingly important. This paper presents the challenges of European variable renewable energy integration in terms of the power capacity and energy capacity of stationary storage technologies. In this research, the sustainable transition, distributed generation, and global climate action scenarios of the European Network of Transmission System Operators for 2040 were examined. The article introduces and explains the feasibility of the European variable renewable energy electricity generation targets and the theoretical maximum related to the 2040 scenarios. It also explains the determination of the storage fractions and power capacity in a new context. The aim is to clarify whether it is possible to achieve the European variable renewable energy integration targets considering the technology-specific storage aspects. According to the results, energy storage market developments and regulations which motivate the increased use of stationary energy storage systems are of great importance for a successful European solar and wind energy integration. The paper also proves that not only the energy capacity but also the power capacity of storage systems is a key factor for the effective integration of variable renewable energy sources.technologies will be key drivers in paving the way towards sustainability and energy conservation. However, today the integration of VRE sources poses a challenge to be addressed for the successful decentralization of the electricity network. From the point of view of power quality, PV and wind energy have some disadvantages. The intermittent nature of VRE sources and distributed generation remain a challenge to grid operators when scheduling power generation. On the other hand, distributed energy generation may enhance the further spread of smart grids and micro grids and, therefore, ensure a greater share of clean energy in the energy mix [8][9][10][11][12][13][14].PV and wind technologies play a key role in the shift towards green growth, a low-carbon economy, and a greater share of renewables in the energy mix [15]. In the last decade, support schemes such as the feed-in-tariff system, the declining initial capital expenditure due to the boost in innovation, and technology have proved to be essential factors that underpin this phenomenon [16][17][18]. Statistics show a considerable growth of PV and wind energy globally; 7.5% of the total 26.5% share of renewables in electricity generation was produced by VRE installations in 2017. In the same year, the global built-in PV and wind capacity amounted to 941 GW (Figure 1). The key players of the PV electricity market were China (131.1 GW), followed by the EU (108 GW), the USA ...

show abstract

Section: European Energy Storage Case Studies For Vre Integrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Determination Of the European Storage Fractionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intermittent Renewable Energy Sources: The Role of Energy Storage in the European Power System of 2040

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…By contrast, Shaner et al predict that 20 PJ of storage, about 12 hours of supply, will be needed to support 80% renewables [6]. To implement a 100% renewable electricity portfolio in the US, Frew et al estimate that between 6 (without electric vehicles) and 21 (with electric vehicles) PJ of storage would be needed [2,5,7]. Shaner et al make an even bigger prediction, that several weeks of stored supply will be needed to support 100% renewables [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the time of writing, the US consumes electricity at a rate of ≈ 500 gigawatts (GW) [3] (total US energy consumption is ≈ 3 terawatts (TW) [4]). Frew et al predict that to support an 80% renewable electricity portfolio in the US, between 0.72 and 11.2 petajoules (PJ; 1 PJ = 1 × 10 15 J or 277.8 gigawatt-hours (GWh)) of storage are needed [2,5]. By contrast, Shaner et al predict that 20 PJ of storage, about 12 hours of supply, will be needed to support 80% renewables [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical Energy Storage with Engineered Biological Systems

Salimijazi

Parra²,

Barstow

2019

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The availability of renewable energy technologies is increasing dramatically across the globe thanks to their growing maturity. However, large scale electrical energy storage and retrieval will almost certainly be a required in order to raise the penetration of renewable sources into the grid. No present energy storage technology has the perfect combination of high power and energy density, low financial and environmental cost, lack of site restrictions, long cycle and calendar lifespan, easy materials availability, and fast response time. Engineered electroactive microbes could address many of the limitations of current energy storage technologies by enabling rewired carbon fixation, a process that spatially separates reactions that are normally carried out together in a photosynthetic cell and replaces the least efficient with non-biological equivalents. If successful, this could allow storage of renewable electricity through electrochemical or enzymatic fixation of carbon dioxide and subsequent storage as carbon-based energy storage molecules including hydrocarbon and non-volatile polymers at high efficiency. In this article we compile performance data on biological and non-biological component choices for rewired carbon fixation systems and identify pressing research and engineering challenges.

show abstract

“…In a renewable or green scenario, the hydrogen required for the bio‐P2M reaction should come from renewable energy sources such as wind or solar energy. Appropriate storage of electricity is a major challenge for energy transition, and electrolysis provides a means for doing so. The electricity from such renewable sources is converted into hydrogen with the help of electrolysis: 2H 2 O → 2H 2 + O 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Farm‐scale bio‐power‐to‐methane: Comparative analyses of economic and environmental feasibility

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Summary Power‐to‐gas technologies are considered to be part of the future energy system, but their viability and applicability need to be assessed. Therefore, models for the viability of farm‐scale bio‐power‐to‐methane supply chains to produce green gas were analysed in terms of levelised cost of energy, energy efficiency and saving of greenhouse gas emission. In bio‐power‐to‐methane, hydrogen from electrolysis driven by surplus renewable electricity and carbon dioxide from biogas are converted to methane by microbes in an ex situ trickle‐bed reactor. Such bio‐methanation could replace the current upgrading of biogas to green gas with membrane technology. Four scenarios were compared: a reference scenario without bio‐methanation (A), bio‐methanation (B), bio‐methanation combined with membrane upgrading (C) and the latter with use of renewable energy only (all‐green; D). The reference scenario (A) has the lowest costs for green gas production, but the bio‐methanation scenarios (B‐D) have higher energy efficiencies and environmental benefits. The higher costs of the bio‐methanation scenarios are largely due to electrolysis, whereas the environmental benefits are due to the use of renewable electricity. Only the all‐green scenario (D) meets the 2026 EU goal of 80% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, but it would require a CO2 price of 200 € t−1 to achieve the levelised cost of energy of 65 €ct Nm−3 of the reference scenario. Inclusion of the intermittency of renewable energy in the scenarios substantially increases the costs. Further greening of the bio‐methanation supply chain and how intermittency is best taken into account need further investigation.

show abstract

How much electrical energy storage do we need? A synthesis for the U.S., Europe, and Germany

Cited by 164 publications

References 44 publications

Intermittent Renewable Energy Sources: The Role of Energy Storage in the European Power System of 2040

Intermittent Renewable Energy Sources: The Role of Energy Storage in the European Power System of 2040

Electrical Energy Storage with Engineered Biological Systems

Farm‐scale bio‐power‐to‐methane: Comparative analyses of economic and environmental feasibility

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About