How nucleation affects the aggregation of nanoparticles

Li, Dan; Kaner, Richard B.

doi:10.1039/b700699c

Cited by 86 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…A variety of theories have been proposed to explain the spontaneous formation of PAni nanofibers under these remarkably simple conditions. [78,[84][85][86][87][88] Some of these suggested theories include, for example, relating the mode of nucleation to the PAni shape, [84,85] the aggregation of aniline dimers [86] and the role of oxidant/oligomer interactions in guiding nanofibers formation. [87] In other words, the theories used to explain this process involve the formation of inherent templates that are incorporated into the polymer chain.…”

Section: Nanofibers Without Templatesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Much of our own work has focused on correlating the shape of PAni with its nucleation mode. [84,85] Because PAni is a water insoluble polymer, its growth is accompanied by a precipitation event. Based on a number of experimental observations, we have suggested that the nucleation mode of PAni can be related to its particle shape: homogeneous nucleation of PAni results in nanofibers while heterogeneous nucleation leads to granular particulates.…”

Section: Nanofibers Without Templatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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One‐Dimensional Conducting Polymer Nanostructures: Bulk Synthesis and Applications

2009

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This Progress Report provides a brief overview of current research activities in the field of one‐dimensional (1D) conducting polymer nanostructures. The synthesis, properties, and applications of these materials are outlined with a strong emphasis on recent literature examples. Chemical methods that can produce 1D nanostructures in bulk quantities are discussed in the context of two different strategies: 1) procedures that rely on a nanoscale template or additive not inherent to the polymer and 2) those that do not. The different sub‐classifications of these two strategies are delineated and the virtues and vices of each area are discussed. Following this discussion is an outline of the properties and applications of 1D conducting polymer nanostructures. This section focuses on applications in which nanostructured conducting polymers are clearly advantageous over their conventional counterparts. We conclude with our perspective on the main challenges and future research directions for this new class of nanomaterials. This Progress Report is not intended as a comprehensive review of the field, but rather a summary of select contributions that we feel will provide the reader with a strong basis for further investigation into this fast emerging field.

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Section: Nanofibers Without Templatesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Nanofibers Without Templatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

One‐Dimensional Conducting Polymer Nanostructures: Bulk Synthesis and Applications

2009

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“…In contrast to a classical metallic conductor 50 or a polymeric insulator, PAni can be switched reversibly between an insulating emeraldine base form and a conducting emeraldine salt [14] . More recently, interest has developed in the area of nanostructured polyaniline [15][16][17][18][19][20] . These one-dimensional objects 55 combine the advantages of an organic conductor and a high surface area material, thus making them suitable for a diverse range of applications such as chemical sensors, flash memory and electro-optic devices [21][22][23][24][25][26] .…”

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confidence: 99%

Synthesis and characterisation of controllably functionalised polyaniline nanofibres

et al. 2009

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15A novel method for functionalising solution based polyaniline (PAni) nanofibres is reported whereby the degree of side-chain attachment can be controllably altered. The covalent attachment of functional side-groups to the surface of PAni nanostructures is achieved by post-polymerisation reflux in the presence of a nucleophile and the functionalised nanomaterial can be purified by simple centrifugation. The technique is therefore easily scalable. We demonstrate that control over the extent of side-chain attachment can be achieved simply by altering the amount of 20 nucleophile added during reflux. We provide evidence that covalently attached carboxlate side-chains influence the doping mechanism of polyaniline and can be used to introduce self-doping behaviour. Acid functionalised nanofibres remain redox active and retain their optical switching capabilities in response to changes in the local chemical environment, thus making them suitable for adaptive sensing applications.

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“…Forming colloidal dispersions is another method for rendering polymers processable [26]. This method has become especially popular since the advent of nanotechnology in the 1990s.…”

Section: Methods For Inducing Solubilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid Solar Cells: Materials, Interfaces, and Devices

Mariani

Wang

Kaner

et al. 2013

High-Efficiency Solar Cells

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Photovoltaic technologies could play a pivotal role in tackling future fossil fuel energy shortages, while significantly reducing our carbon dioxide footprint. Crystalline silicon is pervasively used in single junction solar cells, taking up 80 % of the photovoltaic market. Semiconductor-based inorganic solar cells deliver relatively high conversion efficiencies at the price of high material and manufacturing costs. A great amount of research has been conducted to develop low-cost photovoltaic solutions by incorporating organic materials. Organic semiconductors are conjugated hydrocarbon-based materials that are advantageous because of their low material and processing costs and a nearly unlimited supply. Their mechanical flexibility and tunable electronic properties are among other attractions that their inorganic counterparts lack. Recently, collaborations in nanotechnology research have combined inorganic with organic semiconductors in a "hybrid" effort to provide high conversion efficiencies at low cost. Successful integration of these two classes of materials requires a profound understanding of the material properties and an exquisite control of the morphology, surface properties, ligands, and passivation techniques to ensure an optimal charge carrier generation across the hybrid device. In this chapter, we provide background information of this novel, emerging field, detailing the various approaches for obtaining inorganic nanostructures and organic polymers, introducing a multitude of methods for combining the two components to achieve the desired morphologies, and emphasizing the importance of surface manipulation. We highlight several studies that have fueled new directions for hybrid solar cell research, including approaches for maximizing efficiencies by controlling the morphologies of the inorganic component, and in situ molecular engineering via electrochemical polymerization of a polymer directly onto the inorganic nanowire surfaces. In the end, we provide some possible future directions for advancing the field, with a focus on flexible, lightweight, semitransparent, and low-cost photovoltaics.

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How nucleation affects the aggregation of nanoparticles

Cited by 86 publications

References 20 publications

One‐Dimensional Conducting Polymer Nanostructures: Bulk Synthesis and Applications

One‐Dimensional Conducting Polymer Nanostructures: Bulk Synthesis and Applications

Synthesis and characterisation of controllably functionalised polyaniline nanofibres

Hybrid Solar Cells: Materials, Interfaces, and Devices

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