How Ocular Surface Microbiota Debuts in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

High glucose represents a good environment for bacterial growth on the skin, on the ocular surface (OS) and in the tears of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, affecting the conjunctival bacterial community. This study aimed to investigate the OS bacterial flora of T2DM patients and healthy subjects using 16S rRNA sequencing-based bacterial identification. Among 23 healthy subjects (CON) and 31 T2DM patients, 54 eyes were examined to investigate the OS bacterial community. Factors potentially affecting the microbial growth were controlled. Results showed the OS microbiota presented higher diversity in the T2DM group than in the CON group. Bioinformatic analysis showed a lower abundance of Proteobacteria and a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes at the phyla level as well as a significantly increased abundance of Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas at the genus level in the T2DM group. The difference in OS microbiota at taxonomic level was associated with Ocular Surface Disease Index and course of T2DM. These findings indicate the OS flora in T2DM patients is significantly different from that in healthy subjects, which may be closely associated with OS discomfort and course of T2DM.

Single-Anastomosis Duodenal Jejunal Bypass Improve Glucose Metabolism by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Goto-Kakisaki Rats

“…In T2DM, the altered gut microbiota potentially affect the fecal metabolome, the immune status and the intestinal redox status and inflammation (Lopez- de-Andres et al, 2018;Piccolo et al, 2018;Wang et al, 2018;Tian et al, 2019). T2DM was reportedly affected by the decrease of butyrate-producing species in rats (Li et al, 2019;Zhou et al, 2019). In our study, we observed that levels of Bifidobacterium and Faecalibaculum had significantly increased after DJB-sa.…”

Ocular bacterial flora and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of a diabetic population in Cameroon: an analytical study

“…The high prevalence of bacterial growth can be explained by the alteration of immunity due to diabetes (Grzybowsky et al, 2017;Adam et al, 2015;Karimsab and Razak, 2013;El-Mollayess et al, 2012;Martins et al, 2004). Others authors have reported that hyperglycemia and high-grade systemic inflammation in diabetic patients may promote the growth and colonization of potential pathogens (Li et al, 2019;Fernandez-Rubio et al, 2010). In the literature, the proportion and ratio of positive cultures of diabetic participants and controls varies among authors.…”

Eye care providers’ emerging roles in early detection of diabetes and management of diabetic changes to the ocular surface: a review

“…67 High glucose levels in the tears and increased ocular surface inflammation with diabetes support increased microbial growth. 68 Using traditional culture techniques, greater frequency of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and enterococci have been identified on the ocular surface of patients with diabetes compared with healthy controls. [69][70][71] Higher positive culture rates and greater bacterial diversity were associated with increasing severity and duration of diabetes disease, respectively.…”