How pollen tubes grow

Krichevsky, Alexander; Kozlovsky, Stanislav V.; Guo-wei, Tian; Chen, Min-Huei; Zaltsman, Adi; Citovsky, Vitaly

doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.12.003

Cited by 155 publications

(155 citation statements)

References 157 publications

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“…For example, the largest cells in Porphyra are found in its holdfast, which is composed of thousands of thread-like, slow-growing rhizoid cells that are millimeters long, and some species of Griffithsia (32), which is a subtidal florideophyte, have cells ∼2-mm long. In contrast, large cells filling special niches or functions evolved in multiple freshwater and marine green algae, including coenocytes (1), as germinating pollen tubes in land plants (33), as sporangiophores in fungi (34), as nerve cells in animals (35), and as sieve elements in brown algae (36). Maintenance of large cells would be expected to require vigorous multidirectional intracellular transport, which seems unlikely with a motor repertoire as limited as that seen in Porphyra and the other red algae with sequenced genomes (Fig.…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the red algae and eukaryotic evolution from the genome of Porphyra umbilicalis (Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta)

Brawley¹,

Blouin²,

Ficko-Blean³

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

239

222

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Porphyra umbilicalis (laver) belongs to an ancient group of red algae (Bangiophyceae), is harvested for human food, and thrives in the harsh conditions of the upper intertidal zone. Here we present the 87.7-Mbp haploid Porphyra genome (65.8% G + C content, 13,125 gene loci) and elucidate traits that inform our understanding of the biology of red algae as one of the few multicellular eukaryotic lineages. Novel features of the Porphyra genome shared by other red algae relate to the cytoskeleton, calcium signaling, the cell cycle, and stress-tolerance mechanisms including photoprotection. Cytoskeletal motor proteins in Porphyra are restricted to a small set of kinesins that appear to be the only universal cytoskeletal motors within the red algae. Dynein motors are absent, and most red algae, including Porphyra, lack myosin. This surprisingly minimal cytoskeleton offers a potential explanation for why red algal cells and multicellular structures are more limited in size than in most multicellular lineages. Additional discoveries further relating to the stress tolerance of bangiophytes include ancestral enzymes for sulfation of the hydrophilic galactan-rich cell wall, evidence for mannan synthesis that originated before the divergence of green and red algae, and a high capacity for nutrient uptake. Our analyses provide a comprehensive understanding of the red algae, which are both commercially important and have played a major role in the evolution of other algal groups through secondary endosymbioses.cytoskeleton | calcium-signaling | carbohydrate-active enzymes | stress tolerance | vitamin B 12T he red algae are one of the founding groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes (Archaeplastida) and among the few multicellular lineages within Eukarya. A red algal plastid, acquired through secondary endosymbiosis, supports carbon fixation, fatty acid synthesis, and other metabolic needs in many other algal groups in ways that are consequential. For example, diatoms and haptophytes have strong biogeochemical effects; apicomplexans cause human disease (e.g., malaria); and dinoflagellates include both coral symbionts and toxin-producing "red tides" (1). The evolutionary processes that produced the Archaeplastida and secondary algal lineages remain under investigation (2-5), but it is clear that both nuclear and plastid genes from the ancestral red algae have contributed dramatically to broader eukaryotic evolution and diversity. Consequently, the imprint of red algal metabolism on the Earth's climate system, aquatic foodwebs, and

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Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the red algae and eukaryotic evolution from the genome of Porphyra umbilicalis (Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta)

Brawley¹,

Blouin²,

Ficko-Blean³

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

239

222

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“…Autophagy, endocytosis and phagocytosis depend on vesicle formation, trafficking and fusion, but cytokinesis and pollen germination also involve extensive vesicle transport for delivery of membrane and cell wall material during furrow (cytokinesis) and pollen tube formation (pollen germination). 100,101 The role of Beclin 1 in all of these processes can be probably brought back to a crucial function in membrane dynamics. Although it is not entirely clear what this particular function encompasses, it is very likely that it is a common mechanism that involves the controlled production of PtdIns(3)P via PtdIns3KC3 activation, which is a crucial event in each of these pathways for the recruitment of the appropriate effector proteins.…”

Section: Beclin 1 Functions Beyond Autophagymentioning

confidence: 99%

Beclin1: A role in membrane dynamics and beyond

Wirawan¹,

et al. 2012

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“…The polar growth of this highly elongated cell requires the coordination of many cellular features and functions, such as turgor pressure, ion fluxes, organization, and dynamics of cytoskeletal elements, membrane trafficking, and cell wall formation (Heslop-Harrison, 1987;Steer and Steer, 1989;Mascarenhas, 1993;Holdaway-Clarke and Hepler, 2003;Cole and Fowler, 2006;Campanoni and Blatt, 2007;Chebli and Geitmann, 2007;Krichevsky et al, 2007;Cheung and Wu, 2008). Given the magnitude of the growth process, our attention becomes focused on the synthesis, delivery, and secretion of the new material, which must keep pace with the ever-expanding cell wall (Campanoni and Blatt, 2007;Cheung and Wu, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exocytosis Precedes and Predicts the Increase in Growth in Oscillating Pollen Tubes

et al. 2009

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We examined exocytosis during oscillatory growth in lily (Lilium formosanum and Lilium longiflorum) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) pollen tubes using three markers: (1) changes in cell wall thickness by Nomarski differential interference contrast (DIC), (2) changes in apical cell wall fluorescence in cells stained with propidium iodide (PI), and (3) changes in apical wall fluorescence in cells expressing tobacco pectin methyl esterase fused to green fluorescent protein (PME-GFP). Using PI fluorescence, we quantified oscillatory changes in the amount of wall material from both lily and tobacco pollen tubes. Measurement of wall thickness by DIC was only possible with lily due to limitations of microscope resolution. PME-GFP, a direct marker for exocytosis, only provides information in tobacco because its expression in lily causes growth inhibition and cell death. We show that exocytosis in pollen tubes oscillates and leads the increase in growth rate; the mean phase difference between exocytosis and growth is -988 6 38 in lily and -1248 6 48 in tobacco. Statistical analyses reveal that the anticipatory increase in wall material predicts, to a high degree, the rate and extent of the subsequent growth surge. Exocytosis emerges as a prime candidate for the initiation and regulation of oscillatory pollen tube growth.

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How pollen tubes grow

Cited by 155 publications

References 157 publications

Insights into the red algae and eukaryotic evolution from the genome of Porphyra umbilicalis (Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta)

Insights into the red algae and eukaryotic evolution from the genome of Porphyra umbilicalis (Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta)

Beclin1: A role in membrane dynamics and beyond

Exocytosis Precedes and Predicts the Increase in Growth in Oscillating Pollen Tubes

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