How prepared are pharmacists to provide over-the-counter naloxone? The role of previous education and new training opportunities

Chun, Ka Lai Joyce; Olsen, Anna; Taing, Meng‐Wong; Clavarino, Alexandra; Hollingworth, Samantha; Dwyer, Robyn; Middleton, Melissa; Nielsen, Suzanna

doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.03.003

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…They study the effectiveness of innovative policy implementation, besides focusing on expanding interdisciplinary SUD education for student and practicing pharmacists. 52 , 62 , 69 - 91…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Article Commentary: Pharmacy: Addressing Substance use in the 21st Century

Bratberg

2019

Substance Abuse

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Across all care environments, pharmacists play an essential role in the care of people who use and misuse psychoactive substances, including those diagnosed with substance use disorders. To optimize, sustain, and expand these independent and collaborative roles, the Association for Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Substance Use and Addiction (AMERSA) has developed core competencies for pharmacists to address substance use in the 21st century. Key concepts, skills, and attitudes are outlined, with links to entrustable professional activities to assist with integration into a variety of ideally interdisciplinary curricular activities.

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“…They study the effectiveness of innovative policy implementation, besides focusing on expanding interdisciplinary SUD education for student and practicing pharmacists. 52 , 62 , 69 - 91…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Article Commentary: Pharmacy: Addressing Substance use in the 21st Century

Bratberg

2019

Substance Abuse

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“…Future studies should assess the fidelity and different modes of train-the-trainer naloxone curriculum for feasibility and effectiveness. For instance, web-based format of overdose education has the capacity for greater dissemination, 41 may be preferred among participants, 42 and have similar educational outcomes as in-person training. 43 Another limitation is the response bias that could have occurred in the follow-up survey.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the Take ACTION Train-The-Trainer Model of Opioid Overdose Education with Naloxone Distribution– who Benefits?

et al. 2020

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Background Overdose education with naloxone distribution (OEND) is a key national strategy to reduce morbidity and mortality related to opioid overdoses. Train-the-trainer model has been one method to increase the pool of trainers to facilitate greater dissemination of OEND. This exploratory study seeks to (1) evaluate participant's change in knowledge and confidence, (2) examine if pre- and post-training test outcomes differed by occupation and level of experience, and (3) determine if train-the-trainer participants trained others 6 months later. Methods Fifteen train-the-trainer sessions were delivered to staff from community organizations who served high-risk clients in four counties whose overdose death rates ranged from 11.2 to 32.8 per 100,000. Participants were administered pre- and post-training tests from September 2017 to December 2018. A follow-up survey was conducted 6 months post-training to evaluate outcomes. Final paired pre-and post-training surveys of 109 participants were used for analysis. Paired sample t-tests were used to evaluate changes in the knowledge and confidence in teaching others. One-way ANOVA compared the change scores across groups with different demographic or experiential characteristics. Kruskal-Wallis Test was used for Likert scales. Results The one and one-half hour train-the-trainer curriculum increased participants’ knowledge and confidence to teach others ( p < .001). This was particularly true for participants who had no prior experience compared to those who had some experience with naloxone ( p = .0003). Changes in confidence to teach others significantly improved among demographic subgroups of participants. At 6 months after completing the train-the-trainer curriculum, 14 participants had trained 243 new trainees. Conclusions Implementing a train-the-trainer model for OEND increases knowledge and participants’ confidence to teach others. This demonstrates the important potential of the train-the-trainer model to respond to the growing opioid overdose epidemic.

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“…Mounting evidence indicates that pharmacists are not taking advantage of authority under state NALs and do not possess sufficient knowledge to effectively identify high‐risk patients and provide overdose education 48‐51 . Similar findings are seen in other countries such as Australia, where naloxone is available behind‐the‐counter 52 . Academic detailing is one viable solution for improving pharmacist knowledge about naloxone and the likelihood that naloxone will be stocked and dispensed in community pharmacies 53‐56 .…”

Section: Harm Reductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Mobilizing pharmacists to address the opioid crisis: A joint opinion of the ambulatory care and adult medicine practice and research networks of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy

Coon

Hill

Hutchison³

et al. 2020

J Am Coll Clin Pharm

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The opioid crisis represents one of the largest failures of our current health care system as it continues to claim lives at an unprecedented rate and has caused a devastating range of preventable morbidity. Although the availability of highly potent synthetic opioids has amplified the urgency of the crisis for patients and communities, this problem has evolved over several decades. Pharmacists are in a position to offer many potential solutions due to their widespread accessibility, extensive drug knowledge, and integration into various health care settings. This opinion paper challenges the status quo by calling on all pharmacists to embrace evidence‐based opioid stewardship and harm reduction practices, contribute to the medical management of opioid use disorder, and address the misconceptions and prejudices that serve as barriers to effective, compassionate patient care. Regardless of practice setting or available resources, pharmacists can take deliberate and impactful steps to address the opioid crisis. Some pharmacists may be positioned to implement innovative and far‐reaching pharmacist‐led clinical services, while others may simply begin with careful consideration of the language they use when speaking to and about patients with substance use disorders. To optimize patient outcomes, the ineffective laws, regulations, and policies that negatively impact pain and addiction care must be addressed so that evidence‐based solutions can be widely disseminated. Pharmacists must aggressively advocate for the removal of barriers preventing high‐level clinical practice or policies that perpetuate patient harm and abandonment. Finally, there must be support for continued research on pain and opioid use disorder treatments and services, as well as the impacts of harm reduction practices and pharmacist‐led clinical services, so that resources can be allocated effectively.

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How prepared are pharmacists to provide over-the-counter naloxone? The role of previous education and new training opportunities

Cited by 14 publications

References 19 publications

Article Commentary: Pharmacy: Addressing Substance use in the 21st Century

Article Commentary: Pharmacy: Addressing Substance use in the 21st Century

Impact of the Take ACTION Train-The-Trainer Model of Opioid Overdose Education with Naloxone Distribution– who Benefits?

Mobilizing pharmacists to address the opioid crisis: A joint opinion of the ambulatory care and adult medicine practice and research networks of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy

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