How reaction time measures elucidate the matching bias and the way negations are processed

Prado, Jérôme; Noveck, Ira

doi:10.1080/13546780500371241

Cited by 73 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Confirming Prado and Noveck (2006), participants made significantly more errors and their reaction times were significantly slower when elements in the test item increasingly mismatched with respect to the elements in the rule (see Table 1). This demonstrates that performance in the fMRI scanner is robust.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…2 That this particular trial from the truth table paradigm is exceptionally difficult is confirmed by data from standard evaluation tasks in which a participant has to decide whether a provided exemplar is true or false with respect to the rule; the double mismatch case in the falsification condition consistently provides the lowest rates of correct responses (Prado & Noveck, 2006;Evans, 1972). Houdé et al (2000) measured neural activity (using positron emission tomography [PET] methodology) and they were specifically interested in the role of training as participants aimed to avoid errors while searching for a pair of shapes.…”

Section: How Perceptual Mismatches Negatively Affect Normative Reasoningmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…That this paradigm should be predictive of neuroimaging outcomes comes from a previously conducted behavioral study (Prado & Noveck, 2006). We showed that when the items mentioned in the rule mismatch those in the exemplar, rates of correct responses are generally lower and reaction times are generally slower.…”

Section: Prior Approaches To Mismatching and The Current Onementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This condition is important because it amounts to a second, orthogonal parameter that further varies task difficulty in a systematic way. As Prado and Noveck (2006) have shown, the falsification task in the truth table paradigm prompts lower accuracy rates and slower reaction times than the verification task; nevertheless, mismatching continues to play an interfering role.…”

Section: Prior Approaches To Mismatching and The Current Onementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second aim is to take full advantage of the truth table task paradigm by introducing a parametric approach that is sensitive to degrees of mismatch (see Prado & Noveck, 2006). That is, the truth table task can provide test items that have no mismatches (with respect to the items mentioned in the rule), one mismatch, or two.…”

Section: Prior Approaches To Mismatching and The Current Onementioning

confidence: 99%

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Overcoming Perceptual Features in Logical Reasoning: A Parametric Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

Prado

Noveck

2007

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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Abstract& Participants experience difficulty detecting that an item depicting an H-in-a-square confirms the logical rule, ''If there is not a T then there is not a circle.'' Indeed, there is a perceptual conflict between the items mentioned in the rule (T and circle) and in the test item (H and square). Much evidence supports the claim that correct responding depends on detecting and resolving such conflicts. One aim of this study is to find more precise neurological evidence in support of this claim by using a parametric event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm. We scanned 20 participants while they were required to judge whether or not a conditional rule was verified (or falsified) by a corresponding target item. We found that the right middorsolateral prefrontal cortex (mid-DLPFC) was specifically engaged, together with the medial frontal (anterior cingulate and presupplementary motor area [pre-SMA]) and parietal cortices, when mismatching was present. Activity in these regions was also linearly correlated with the level of mismatch between the rule and the test item. Furthermore, a psychophysiological interaction analysis revealed that activation of the mid-DLPFC, which increases as mismatching does, was accompanied by a decrease in functional integration with the bilateral primary visual cortex and an increase in functional integration with the right parietal cortex. This indicates a need to break away from perceptual cues in order to select an appropriate logical response. These findings strongly indicate that the regions involved in inhibitory control (including the right mid-DLPFC and the medial frontal cortex) are engaged when participants have to overcome perceptual mismatches in order to provide a logical response. These findings are also consistent with neuroimaging studies investigating the belief bias, where prior beliefs similarly interfere with logical reasoning. &

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Section: How Perceptual Mismatches Negatively Affect Normative Reasoningmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Prior Approaches To Mismatching and The Current Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Prior Approaches To Mismatching and The Current Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Prior Approaches To Mismatching and The Current Onementioning

confidence: 99%

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Overcoming Perceptual Features in Logical Reasoning: A Parametric Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

Prado

Noveck

2007

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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Dynamic Pragmatic View of Negation Processing

Tian

Breheny

2015

Language, Cognition, and Mind

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Eye-movements and ERPs reveal the time course of processing negation and remitting counterfactual worlds

2008

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The ability to update our current knowledge using contextual information is a vital process during every-day language comprehension. To understand a negated statement, readers are required to cancel real-world expectations, but are not explicitly provided with an alternative model. Thus, the question of how and when a negative context influences interpretation of later events arises. We report one eye-movement study (Exp.1) and one ERP study (Exp. 2) investigating the effects of negation on discourse processing. Prior context depicted a real-world (RW), or negated-world (NW), while a second sentence was manipulated to create RW anomalous continuations, where events included a violation of RW knowledge, and RW congruent continuations, where the events described were congruent with RW knowledge. Results from Experiment 1 showed that the negated discourse context did not influence initial processing of the target sentence, as reflected in participants' eye movement behaviour. Similarly, Experiment 2 revealed that the typical N400 effect to semantic violations has not been reversed by introducing a negated-world context. However, in later processing, Experiment 1 demonstrated that the negated-world context is eventually incorporated into the representation of the sentence meaning. Thus, we suggest that discourse does not always have an immediate effect on language comprehension and discuss the results in terms of a variety of accounts of representing negation. Section: Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience

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How reaction time measures elucidate the matching bias and the way negations are processed

Abstract: International audienc

Cited by 73 publications

References 23 publications

Overcoming Perceptual Features in Logical Reasoning: A Parametric Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

Overcoming Perceptual Features in Logical Reasoning: A Parametric Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

Dynamic Pragmatic View of Negation Processing

Eye-movements and ERPs reveal the time course of processing negation and remitting counterfactual worlds

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