How Risky Are Hot Tubs and Saunas for Pregnant Women?

Rogers, Jane; Davis, Barbara

doi:10.1097/00005721-199505000-00010

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…36 The temperature of the water has a significant influence on maternal and fetal hemodynamics, and temperatures above 38.9 o C have even been shown to cause potential embryonic or fetal deleterious effects. 37 Despite using different parameters regarding the temperature of the water, duration, and level of immersion, there are reports of decreased BP induced by immersion. [38][39][40] Immersion causes reflex cardiovascular adjustments, such as redistribution of body fluids due to hydrostatic pressure, which leads to increased central blood volume, decreased HR, and increased systolic volume, cardiac output and natriuresis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Hidroterapia Reduz a Rigidez Arterial em Gestantes Hipertensas Crônicas

2020

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Background: Chronic hypertension (CH) and high arterial stiffness (AS) increase the risk of complications during pregnancy, such as superimposed preeclampsia and low fetal growth. Objective: To evaluate the impact of hydrotherapy, a non-pharmacological treatment strategy, on AS in pregnant women with CH. Methods: Cross-sectional study evaluating the effect of a standardized hydrotherapy session on AS in pregnant women with CH and controls. We used the device Mobil-O-Graph® NG to measure blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and AS before and after a hydrotherapy session involving stretching, warming up, strengthening, and relaxation. The level of significance adopted in the statistical analyses was 5%. Results: We evaluated 36 pregnant women, including 12 with hypertension (HG) and 24 controls (CG), aged 30.4 ± 4.8 years and at 29.2 ± 3.3 gestational weeks. Hydrotherapy promoted in both groups a significant reduction in AS assessed by the augmentation index at a HR of 75 bpm (AIx@75

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Hidroterapia Reduz a Rigidez Arterial em Gestantes Hipertensas Crônicas

2020

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“…The female consumer who may be pregnant and uses a hot tub or spa should be aware of these possible risks and recommended limits of exposure (Rogers and Davis,1995). A woman who is or could be pregnant should be aware of the possible variability in hot tub or spa temperature readings and be able to accurately monitor maximum water temperature in the hot tub or spa to a level at or below a specified degree so that her body temperature can be maintained at <38.9°C.…”

Section: Conclusion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risks of hyperthermia associated with hot tub or spa use by pregnant women

Chambers

2006

Birth Defects Research

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There are a limited number of human studies linking hot tub or spa use during early pregnancy to increased risks for neural tube defects (NTDs) or spontaneous abortion. However, these data can be considered in the context of human studies that have demonstrated an association between high maternal fever in early pregnancy and NTDs. In addition, there is a large volume of animal literature suggesting that, regardless of the heat source, an elevated core maternal temperature at or above the threshold of 2 degrees C over baseline, as well as timing and duration of exposure, are the critical factors in conferring risk. Therefore, the potential for hot tub or spa use to increase core maternal body temperature to risky levels and thus increase the risk for NTDs is likely. A woman who knows or who may not yet be aware that she is pregnant should be advised of the recommended limits of exposure. She should also be aware of the possible variability in hot tub or spa temperature readings and be able to accurately monitor maximum water temperature in the hot tub or spa so that her body temperature can be maintained below 38.9 degrees C.

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“…Maternal exposure to heat during neurulation has been associated with NTDs (Fisher & Smith, 1981;Rogers & Davis, 1995;Shiota, 1982). Heat appears to be teratogenic.…”

Section: Maternal Hypevthermiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Women should be counseled to avoid activities that could lead to an elevation in core body temperature of 102"F, a potentially teratogenic level. In a hot tub with 102.2"F water, a core body temperature of 102°F is reached in about 15 minutes (Rogers & Davis, 1995).…”

Section: Education and Counseling Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%