“…VAR models were introduced (e.g., Stoll & Whaley, 1990) and soon thereafter replaced by error correction (ECM) models (e.g., Wahab & Lashgari, 1993). An obvious candidate is a smooth transition error correction (STECM) model as applied by Taylor, van Dyck, Franses, and Lucas (2000), Anderson and Vahid (2001), Tse (2001), Fung and Yu (2007), and Chen, Sub Choi, and Hong (2013). This is unlikely to be the case, however.…”