How specific is a deficit of executive functioning for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?

Sergeant, Joseph A.; Geurts, Hilde M.; Oosterlaan, Jaap

doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00430-2

Cited by 650 publications

(524 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…Thus, the current results are in line with some but not all prior findings. However, as in theALC group, the ADHD group had poorer performance on letter fluency than category fluency, which is consistent with previous reports in this population (Sergeant et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Differences in executive functioning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Vaurio

Riley

Mattson

2007

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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Children with either fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or attention-deficit0hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) display deficits in attention and executive function (EF) and differential diagnosis of these two clinical groups may be difficult, especially when information about prenatal alcohol exposure is unavailable. The current study compared EF performance of three groups: children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (ALC); nonexposed children with attention-deficit0hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); and typically developing controls (CON). Both clinical groups met diagnostic criteria for ADHD. The EF tasks used were the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT), and the Trail Making Test (TMT). Results indicated different patterns of deficit; both clinical groups displayed deficits on the WCST and a relative weakness on letter versus category fluency. Only the ALC group displayed overall deficits on letter fluency and a relative weakness on TMT-B versus TMT-A. In addition, WCST performance was significantly lower than expected based on IQ in the ADHD group and significantly higher than expected in the ALC group. These results, which indicate that, although EF deficits occurred in both clinical groups, the degree and pattern of deficit differed between the ALC and ADHD groups, may improve differential diagnosis. (JINS, 2008, 14, 119-129.)

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Differences in executive functioning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Vaurio

Riley

Mattson

2007

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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“…Neuropsychological and electrophysiological studies have found various alterations in higher-order cognitive functions [9,114,142], motivational processes [129], and more basic information processing stages [13,83,135,149,174,188]. The tests used are summarised in the Appendix.…”

Section: Influences On Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stroop: The Stroop test and its differential diagnostic significance was reviewed by Sergeant, Geurts & Oosterlaan (2002). This headcount indicated that a number of studies (ten) had reported deficits in ADHD and in the related-disorders ODD/CD.An unpulished metaanalysis has subsequently shown that the difference between ADHD and control children is, at best, a weak one (van Mourik et al under review).…”

Section: Inhibitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The attainment of a future goal is reached through a sequence of intermediate steps, which not always directly lead to the future goal. Sergeant et al (2002) tabulated five studies, which differentiated ADHD from controls and two studies that reported no difference.A recent study compared HFA and ADHD children and found that the execution time of HFA was longer than both ADHD and control children (Geurts et al 2003). There is some support for the view that HFAs perform poorer than ADHD children in a planning task.…”

Section: Planningmentioning

confidence: 99%

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European clinical guidelines for hyperkinetic disorder ? first upgrade

Taylor

Döpfner

Sergeant

et al. 2004

European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry

502

452

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■ Abstract Background The validity of clinical guidelines changes over time, because new evidencebased knowledge and experience develop. Objective Hence, the European clinical guidelines on hyperkinetic disorder from 1998 had to be evaluated and modified. Method Discussions at the European Network for Hyperkinetic Disorders (EUNETHYDIS) and iterative critique of each clinical analysis. Guided by evidence-based information and based on evaluation (rather than metaanalysis) of the scientific evidence a group of child psychiatrists and psychologists from several European countries updated the guidelines of 1998. When reliable information is lacking the group gives a clinical consensus when it could be found among themselves. Results The group presents here a set of recommendations for the conceptualisation and management of hyperkinetic disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Conclusion A general scheme for practice in Europe could be provided, on behalf of the European Society for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (ESCAP).

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“…Whilst there is no doubt that inhibition is impaired in those with AD/HD (see Nigg, 2001), these "fixed-deficit" models fail to account for the heterogeneous symptomatology of the disorder (Sergeant et al, 2002). Thus, models have emerged that account for the heterogeneity of AD/HD by taking into account both computational and state factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Event-rate effects in the flanker task: ERPs and task performance in children with and without AD/HD

Johnstone

Galletta

2013

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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Demanding tasks require a greater amount of effort, in which case individuals are required to alter their energetic-state to a level appropriate to perform the task. According to the Cognitive-Energetic Model (CEM), children with AD/HD are unable to effectively modulate their energetic state, leading to task underperformance. Using an Eriksen flanker task with varying event-rates, the current study compared the ability of typically-developing children and children with AD/HD to modulate their energetic state. In line with the CEM, it was predicted that children with AD/HD would underperform in the fast and slow eventrates. Results indicated that the groups did not differ in commission errors (i.e., incorrect responses). However, children with AD/HD made more omission errors to incongruent stimuli at the fast and slow eventrates, compared to controls. N2 amplitude was significantly larger for the AD/HD than control group in the slow event-rate. It is concluded that the energetic state modulation dysfunction in children with AD/HD results in an inability to attend to the task, as opposed to an inability to perform the task itself. Furthermore, these task performance differences did not manifest in either the N2 or P3 ERP components. Therefore, inattention in children with AD/HD may have its locus in response preparation, as opposed to stimulus processing, but more research is required to validate these conjectures. Abstract: Demanding tasks require a greater amount of effort, in which case individuals are required to alter their energetic-state to a level appropriate to perform the task. According to the CognitiveEnergetic Model (CEM), children with AD/HD are unable to effectively modulate their energetic state, leading to task underperformance. Using an Eriksen flanker task with varying event-rates, the current study compared the ability of typically-developing children and children with AD/HD to modulate their energetic state. In line with the CEM, it was predicted that children with AD/HD would underperform in the fast and slow event-rates. Results indicated that the groups did not differ in commission errors (i.e., incorrect responses). However, children with AD/HD made more omission errors (i.e., impulsively early or non-responses) to incongruent stimuli at the fast and slow event-rates, compared to controls. N2 amplitude was significantly larger for the AD/HD than control group in the slow event-rate. It is concluded that the energetic state modulation dysfunction in children with AD/HD results in an inability to attend to the task, as opposed to an inability to perform the task itself. Furthermore, these task performance differences did not manifest in either the N2 or P3 ERP components. Therefore, inattention in children with AD/HD may have its locus in response preparation, as opposed to stimulus processing, but more research is required to validate these conjectures. Highlights Children with AD/HD unable to effectively modulate energetic state  Event-rate varied during interference control in c...

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How specific is a deficit of executive functioning for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?

Cited by 650 publications

References 126 publications

Differences in executive functioning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Differences in executive functioning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

European clinical guidelines for hyperkinetic disorder ? first upgrade

Event-rate effects in the flanker task: ERPs and task performance in children with and without AD/HD

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